Bacteria & Archaea

Question 1

Prokaryotes are divided into two domains, these are?

Answer 1

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 2

If a cell is a cocci, it is which shape?

Answer 2

Sphere

Question 3

If a cell is a bacilli, it is which shape?

Answer 3

Rod

Question 4

What are the three main prokaryotic cell shape names?

Answer 4

Bacilli, Cocci and Spiral

Question 5

Prokaryotes are mostly unicellular organisms, true or false?

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Prokaryotic cells are larger than that of eukaryotic cells, true or false?

Answer 6

False

Question 7

What are the functions of the cell wall?

Answer 7

1. Maintain shape
2. Protect cells
3. Prevent bursting in hypotonic environments

Question 8

Peptidoglycan can be found in which domains cell walls?

Answer 8

Bacteria

Question 9

What is peptidoglycan?

Answer 9

Network of sugar molecules (N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid) crosslinked by polypeptides

Question 10

What is an Archaea’s cell walls composed of?

Answer 10

Polysaccharides and proteins

Question 11

Gram Positive bacteria have?

Answer 11

Simpler walls with large amounts of peptidoglycan

Question 12

Gram Negative bacteria have?

Answer 12

Less peptidoglycan and a toxic outermembrane

Question 13

What is a capsule?

Answer 13

A polysaccharide or protein layer that covers and protects many prokaryotes

Question 14

What are fimbrae used for?

Answer 14

To stick to substrate or other individuals in a colony

Question 15

What is a pili also known as?

Answer 15

Sex pili

Question 16

What is the (sex) pili used for?

Answer 16

To exchange DNA

Question 17

Chemotaxis is in response to what stimulus?

Answer 17

Chemical

Question 18

What is taxis?

Answer 18

Ability to move to a stimulant and away from a repellent, run and tumble

Question 19

Prokaryotic cells lack complex compartmentalization, true or false?

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

Do prokaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?

Answer 21

No

Question 22

Genetic diversity in prokaryotes is attributed to which three methods?

Answer 22

1. Rapid Reproduction
2. Mutations
3. Genetic Recombination

Question 23

What kind of reproduction methods do prokaryotes use?

Answer 23

Asexual

Question 24

What is a mutation?

Answer 24

A change in nucleotide sequence of an organisms genome.

Question 25

The bacterial genome is described as...

Answer 25

A single, double-stranded, circular DNA molecule

Question 26

What happens if a mutation affects a cells living functions?

Answer 26

It will not survive

Question 27

Phototrophs gain energy from...

Answer 27

Light

Question 28

Chemotrophs gain energy from...

Answer 28

Chemicals

Question 29

Autotrophs use what as a carbon source?

Answer 29

Carbon Dioxide

Question 30

Heterotrophs use organic nutrients to make?

Answer 30

Organic Compounds

Question 31

If a prokaryote requires oxygen for cellular respiration it is?

Answer 31

An obligate aerobe

Question 32

If a prokaryote is poisoned by oxygen it is?

Answer 32

An obligate anaerobe

Question 33

If a prokaryote can survive with or without oxygen it is?

Answer 33

A facultative anaerobes

Question 34

Nitrogen fixation converts atmospheric nitrogen into what compound?

Answer 34

Ammonia

Question 35

In cyanobacterium, what are the nitrogen-fixing cells called?

Answer 35

Heterocysts

Question 36

In cyanobacterium, what are the cells called that perform photosynthesis and produce oxygen?

Answer 36

Vegetative cells

Question 37

Oxygen inhibits the enzyme that fixes nitrogen in cyanobacterium, therefore a cell cannot be both oxygen and nitrogen fixing, true or false?

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Prokaryotes that live in extreme environments are called?

Answer 38

Extremophiles

Question 39

Extreme halophiles live in which kind of conditions?

Answer 39

Extreme salinity

Question 40

Extreme thermophiles live in which kind of conditions?

Answer 40

Extreme heat

Question 41

Methanogens are found in which environments?

Answer 41

Swamps and marshes

Question 42

Methanogens produce which product as waste?

Answer 42

Methane

Question 43

If flagella are polar, they are?

Answer 43

Located within one location

Question 44

If flagella are peritrichous, they are?

Answer 44

Located all over the bacteria

Question 45

Gram positive bacteria appears which colour after a gram stain?

Answer 45

Purple

Question 46

Gram negative bacteria appears which colour after a gram stain?

Answer 46

Pink or red

Question 47

In a gram stain test, crystal violet gets trapped in peptidoglycan causing the purple colouration in gram positive bacteria, true or false?

Answer 47

True

Question 48

Prokaryotes only live in extreme environments, true or false?

Answer 48

False

Question 49

What is the role of a capsule?

Answer 49

1. Enables prokaryotes to adhere to substrates or other individuals in a colony 2. Protects against dehydration 3. Defends from immune system attacks

Question 50

What is the flagella?

Answer 50

Tail-like structure used as a mechanism for propulsion

Question 51

What is transformation?

Answer 51

Genetic alteration of a cell as a result of incorporating foreign DNA (exogenous) material from its surroundings

Question 52

What is transduction?

Answer 52

Genetic recombination where genes from the host bacterium are incorporated into the genome of a bacteriophage and carried to a new host cell

Question 53

What is conjugation?

Answer 53

Where a donor bacterium transfers genetic material (via pilus) to recipient bacterium in a one way exchange

Question 54

How are prokaryotes important for the biosphere?

Answer 54

1. Recycling of chemical elements | 2. Symbiotic relationships

Question 55

What is an endotoxin?

Answer 55

Toxin released when bacteria die and their cell walls breakdown

Question 56

What is an exotoxin?

Answer 56

Toxin secreted by bacteria, diffuse into surrounding medium

Question 57

What is the difference between food poisoning and food infection?

Answer 57

Food poisoning- results from the action of microbial toxin Food infection- results from the growth of microorganisms in the body

Question 58

What contributes to genetic variation in prokaryotes?

Answer 58

1. Genetic recombination 2. Mutations 3. Rapid reproduction

Question 59

A lipid bilayer could be used to describe which part of the cell?

Answer 59

Plasma membrane

Question 60

What is the function of an endospore?

Answer 60

Ensure the survival of bacterium through environmental stress