Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL 1620 > Bacteria, Eukarya, Viruses > Flashcards

Bacteria, Eukarya, Viruses Flashcards

(60 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Eukarya Supergroups

A

Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Symbiotic relations

A

Mutualism, Comensalism, Parasitism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Virus attributes

A

Nucleic Acid, reproduce inside host and control host metabolism, evolve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Virus non-attributes

A 
Cell structure
Ind. metabolism
Ind. reproduction
Growth and development
Meaningful interaction w/ environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neucleic Acid in Viruses has____ and is what shape?

A

DNA, mostly ds
RNA, mostly ss
Surrounded by a protein capsid made from capsomeres, there shape is either polyganol, helical or a combination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Virus Reproductive Cycle?

A

Lytic: virus attaches to cell, enters, gets synthesized, assembled and then released from cell.

Lysogenic: Attachment, penetration, then gets incorporated into the cell’s DNA and gets reproduced with cell. Virus is activated by environment and then gets assembled and released. Ex-Cold Sore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Origin of Viruses

A

Escaped gene: when cells had mobile genes.

Ancient origin: came from chemical soul period of early life.

Reduction: Reversal from parasitic cell ancestor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Examples of:
DNA ds-

DNA ss-

RNA ds-

RNA ss-

A

Pox virus-Small pox and Herpes-cold sore

Parvo (in cats and dogs)

Reovirus-cruise ship

Paramyxovirus-measles and onthomyxo-influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Other Viruses

A

Retrovirus - HIV
Rhinovirus - colds
Flavivirus - west Nile, Zika, dengue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Viroid

A

RNA virus in plants - potato tuber spindle viroid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Prions

A

Infectious proteins - mad cow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cell organization in Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)

A 
Coccus - circle
Bacillus - cylinder
Spirillium - s
Vibrio - crescent 
Spirochete- spiral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Attributes of cell walls in Archaea

A
  • Regulate water.
  • Made of polysaccharides, proteins, or pseudopeptidoglycans.
  • S layer.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Attributes of cell walls in Bacteria

A

Regulate water

Made of peptidoglycans- thick is Gram (+), thin is Gram (-).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Two types of Flagellum Pili

A

Conjugation - long

Fimbriae - short (common, used for attachment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Division

A

Binary Fission - DNA replicated and then cell divides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Horizontal gene transfer in Prokaryotes

A

Transformation - cell takes up DNA from environment.

Transduction - cell uses virus to transfer DNA to another cell.

Conjugation - C pilus connects two cells, one donates and the other receives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Clades of bacteria

A

Proteobacteria, spirochetes, chlamydia, Cyanobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Proteobacteria (ancestor of mitochondria)

A

Gram (-)
Mostly chemoheterotrophs, some photo autotrophs and chemoautotrophs.

Examples: Thiomargarita, nitrosomonas, E. coli, salmonelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Spirochetes

A

Spirochetes shape
Gram (-)

Examples: Treponema (syphilis), Borrelia (Lyme disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Chlamydia

A

Gram (-)
Intercellular parasite

Example: Chlamydia STD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cyanobacteria

A 
Gram (-)
Unicellular, colonial, filamentous 
Ubiquitous 
Heterocysts (nitrogen fixer)
Plant like photosynthesis
Ancestor of eukaryotic chloroplast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gram (+) Bacteria

A

Mostly chemoheterotroph
Gram (+)
Many pathogens

Examples: staphylococcus, streptococcus, mycoplasma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Archaea “extremophiles”

A

Methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles, acidotherphiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Methanogens
``` Chemoheterotrophs that produce methane. Obligate anaerobes. Habitats: swamp, sewage. Free-living, mutualism, communalists. Largest group of Archaeans. ```
26
Halophiles (salt lover)
Habitats: briney, salt flats. Some are obligate Chemo and photo heterotrophs (green or purple color)
27
Thermophiles (heat loving)
Habitats: Yellowstone, vents (110-112 deg) Many chemoauto
28
Grouping “extremophiles” 1. Euryarchaeota 2. Crenarchaeota 3. Lokiarchaeota
1: All methanogens, many halophiles, some thermophiles, and non-extremophiles. 2: Many thermophiles, many non-extremophiles. 3: recent discovery. Similar to and potentially the ancestor of Eukarya.
29
Metabolism of Eukarya
Chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and mixotrophs
30
Structure and movement of Eukarya
Unicellular, filamentous (may be sepate: divided into cells. Coenocytic: evenly spaced but not divided by cell membrane) colonial, multicellular, Non-motile OR motile by flagella, cilia or pseudopodia.
31
Pseudopodia
Lobopodia and filopodia | Lobe) (Slender
32
What is Parthenogenesis?
“Virgin birth” when isolated females produce offspring by mitosis. Ex. Fish, lizards, snakes, dandelions
33
Clades of Excavata
Metamonads and Euglenozoans
34
Types of Metamonads
Diplomonades and parabasalids
35
Types of Euglenozoans
Kinetoplastids and Euglenids
36
Clades of Chromalveolata
Alveolates and Stramenopiles
37
Types of Alveolates
Ciliates, Dinoflagellates and Apicomplexans.
38
Types of Stramenopiles
Oomycetes, diatoms and Brown Algae.
39
Clades of Rhizaria
Forams, Radiolaria and Cercozoa
40
Clades of Archaeplastida
Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Charophyta.
41
Clades of Amoebozoa
Amoebas and Mycetozoa
42
Types of Mycetozoa
Myxogastria and Dictyosteliidae
43
Types of Amoebas
Gymnamoebas and Entamoebas
44
Supergroups of Eukarya
Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta
45
Excavata
Unicellular, flagellated (anterior), no cell wall, heterotrophs, mixotrophs, and photosynthetic by 2nd with green alga. Some have deep “excavated” feeding groove.
46
Chromalveolata
Unicellular, colonial, filamentous or truly multicellular. Cells walls or not Non-motile or motile by cilia or flagella. Heterotrophic or photosynthetic by 2nd with red alga.
47
Rhizaria
``` Unicellular Mostly marine Form shells called “tests” Move and feed by filose pseudopodia Heterotrophic, few photoautotrophs 2nd with green alga. ```
48
Archaeplastida (2nd largest)
Unicellular, colonial, filamentous, multicellular. Cellulosic cell walls Non-motile or flagellated. Photosynthetic by 1st with Cyanobacteria
49
Amoebozoa
Unicellular, some have plasmodia or pseudoplasmodial stage. Move and feed by lobopodia (unicellular stage) Some have flagellated stage Lack cell walls Heterotrophic
50
Opisthokonta
Unicellular, multicellular, or filamentous. Nonmotile or flagellated (1 posterior) Chitin cell walls or no cell walls Ubiquitous Heterotrophic
51
Diplomonades characteristic
``` Bilateral Microsomes:form iron/sulfur clusters Free or parasitic No golgi “Alternative” genetic code ``` Ex. Giardia
52
Parabasalids characteristics
Hydrogenosome: reduces pyruvate, yields accurate and H2 Parasitic or mutualistic 100’s of flagella or move by undulating membrane. Ex. Trichonympha (mutualistic, digests cellulose)
53
Kinetoplastids characteristics
Some free, most parasitic Form kinetoplast (enlarged Mito associated with flagellum) 1 flagella Multiple hosts, life cycle Ex. Trypanosoma, African sleeping sickness
54
Euglenids characteristics
- Free-living, mostly fresh water - 2 apical flagella (1 long for swimming, 1 short for sensory) - Heterotrophic, (1/3) photosynthetic by 2nd with green alga - Pellicle gives shape (protein layer beneath membrane) - Energy storage carb is paramylon - genus Euglena
55
Ciliates characteristics
- complex, unicellular, feeding groove and contractile vacuole for water control. - thousands of cilia - heterotrophic - pellicle, no cell wall - gametic - fresh water Ex. Paramecium
56
``` Dinoflagellates characteristics (Pyrrhophyta) ```
- cellulose plates in modified alveoli - 2 flagella in transvers and horizontal grooves (sulci) - mitosis and meiosis - marine and photosynthetic - zygotic cycle - some mutualistic (zooxanthellae) some produce neurotoxins (red tides) Ex. Genus Gonyaulax
57
``` Apicomplexan characteristics (Sporozoa) ```
``` Parasites Move by flexing Apical complex to attach to host “Degenerate” plastids (don’t work) Zygotic cycle w/ two hosts & spore-like stage ``` Ex. Genus plasmodium, malaria
58
``` Oomycetes characteristics (Water molds) ```
- Fresh water - Fungus like body of a mycelium of coenocytic hyphase. - cellulosic cell walls - heterotrophic - nonmotile gametes, motile spores (biflagellate) - gametic cycle Ex. Potato blight, saprolegina
59
``` Diatoms characteristics (Bacillariophyta) ```
- Ubiquitous: planktonic or benthic. - Unicellular - Silicaceous cell walls (glass-like, frustules joined by proteins) - Move by “glicling” - contribute to red tides - photosynthetic (red/brown color) fucoxanthin - makes up diatomaceous earth
60
Brown algae | Phaeophyta
``` Marine, multicellular (seaweeds) Cell walls- cellulose & alginic acid Flagellated spores and gametes Photosynthetic (fucoxanthin) Sporic cycle ``` Ex. Kelps

BIOL 1620 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions