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Bacteria & Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different types of bacteria cell shapes

A

1) coccus (spherical)
2) bacillus (rod-shaped)
3) coco-bacillus (in one field coccus + in the other bacillus)
4) curved (comma shaped
5) spiral

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1
Q

Name classification for bacteria

A

Genius followed by species

Staphylococcus aureus

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2
Q

Structure of bacteria

A

1) Outer layer capsule (not in all)
2) Cell wall (characteristic of prokaryotes)
3) Cytoplasmic membrane
4) Nuclear material (no nuclear membrane) Nucloid nucleus like structure, not surrounded by membrane

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3
Q

Structure of capsule

A

Thick, viscous gel like material

Polysaccharid usually

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4
Q

What is the purpose of a capsule

A

Interferes with phagocytosis

Adherence to surfaces: it allows organisms to stick to surfaces because of mucoid

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5
Q

Cell wall structure

A

Tough structure that provides protection to the cell from the outside environment

Major differences between gram positive and negative bacteria (the thickness of the petodoglycan wall)

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6
Q

Do bacteria require organisms to survive

A

No, they are unicellular and do not require living tissue to survive

prokaryotic

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7
Q

Where is cytoplasmic membrane located in bacteria

A

Inside the bacterial wall in gram-positives and on both sides of the cell wall in gram-negatives.

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8
Q

What is the structure of the cytoplasmic/cell membrane in bacteria

A

Fragile thin structure but carriers most important function in the cell

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9
Q

What functions does the cell membrane have in bacteria

A

transport

osmotic pressure

active barrier

respiration (aerobic) ->
producing metabolic energy, since no mitochondria

synthetic processes included in cell wall

Secretions of hydrolytic exoenzymes: to hydrolyze nutrients to be taken inside the cell

Site of cation some antibacterial agents

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10
Q

What intracytoplasmic structures do bacteria have

A

1) Nuclear body (Nucloid): circular DNA, no nuclear membrane

2) Ribosome 70S

3) Plasmids (extrachromosomal DNA), these carry genetic material from one cell to another

4) Granular inclusion: necessary for growth and multiplication of cell

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11
Q

What is the purpose of flagella

A

Attaches to cell wall to provide motility for some species

Long and motile

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12
Q

Where are Pilli/Fimbriae typically found

A

Mostly in Gram negative species

Shorter than flagella

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13
Q

What is the function ofFimbriae

A

Important in adherence to surfaces acting as virulence factors

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14
Q

What is the function of Pilli

A

Important in transfer of bacterial and viral DNA

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15
Q

What are spores

A

specialized resting cells produced by some species

Highly resistant to physical and chemical agents

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16
Q

Where are spores located

A

central, terminal or subterminal

they have complex structures do to the layers outside the cell

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17
Q

How is sporulation induced

A

by unfavourable conditions and germination under favourable conditions

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18
Q

How do microogransisms cause infection

A

They need to attach/adhere to the host tissue

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19
Q

How do cells adhere to host tissue

A

Pili

fimbrae

capsule

specific membrane receptor sites (by surface molecules) called adhersins or ligands

Which bind specifically to host cell receptors

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20
Q

What does it mean by some bacteria have invasive qualities

A

Some bacteria can cause damage on the surface of tissues

however most need to penetrate into the tissues by escaping phagocytosis and antimicrobial drugs by living inside cells

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21
Q

When bacteria invade the host tissue what are they first faced by

A

A phagocyte of the host

They either are destroyed by phagocytes or overcome the host defence or destroy the host cell

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22
Q

What are the 3 ways that bacteria can destroy the host cells

A
  1. Causing direct damage at the site because the pathogen depletes the cell of necessities/nutrients of life
  2. By producing toxins and enzymes transported via the blood and lymph
  3. By producing hypersensitivity reactions
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23
Q

What toxic substances does bacteria produce

A

enzymes, exotoxins, & endotoxins

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24
What is the purpose of enzymes
Breaks down substances
25
Leukocidin
an enzyme that lyses leukocytes/WBCs Dead WBCs produce pus
26
Hemolysin
an enzyme that hemolyses RBCs by taking away their iron and eating it
27
Coagulase
An enzyme always present in body. transforms soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, creating a clot. This protects them from phagocytosis.
28
Kinase
An enzyme always present in body Breaks the clot formed around the bacteria to spread the infection.
29
How are toxins transported
By lymph and blood which can cause serious and fatal effects
30
What can toxins produce
fever, cardio disturbances, diarrhea, and shock
31
What are the two types of toxins
Exotoxin and endotoxin
32
Exotoxin
Produced inside bacterial cells as a part of growth and metabolism and produces to surrounding medium Easily diffused in blood and readily transported throughout the body
33
What are the 3 types of exotoxins and their functions
1) Cytotoxn: kill host cell or affect their fxn 2) Neurotoxin: Interfere with normal nerve impulse transmission. Ex. Tetanus, spasm of all muscles. 3) Enterotoxins: affect cell lining the GI system
34
What does the body produce against exotoxins
They produce antibodies against the toxin called antitoxin
35
What is an endotoxin
Part of the outer portion of the cell wall of gam negative bacteria and not secreted as with exotoxin LPS of the cell wall of G-ve bacteria.
36
When do endotoxins exert their effects
when the bacteria dies the cell wall undergoes lysis liberating the LPS
37
What manifestations do endotoxins produce
chills, fever, weakness, generalized aches, and in some cases shock and death Activation of blood clotting proteins causing the formation of small blood clots. can block some capillaries leading to tissue death called DIC
38
Development of disease steps
Typically same for acute and chronic 1) Incubation period 2) Prodromal period 3) Acute period of period of illness 4) Period of decline 5) Convalescence or recovery
39
What is incubation
The time interval between the actual infection and the appearance of any signs or symptoms
40
What does incubation depend on
The specific micro-organisms involved, its virulence, the number, and the resistance of the host
41
What is the development of infection-prodromal
Relatively short period that follows the incubation characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease, such as general aches and malaise sometimes very specific symptoms such as Koplik's spots in measles
42
What is the period of illness
The most acute part the person exhibits signs and symptoms of disease such as fever, chills, myalgia, and GI disturbances
43
How does period of illness end
Typically the immune response overcomes the pathogen and the period of illness ends When it is not successfully overcome (or treated), the patients dies during this period
44
What is the development of infection-period of decline
The signs and symptoms subside The fever declines and feeling of malaise diminishes May take less than 24 hours to several days
45
What is the convalescence period
also referred to as the recovery period where the person regains strength and the body returns to its pre-diseased state indicating that recovery has occurs
46
In what illnesses does a the convalescing person carry the pathogenic microorganism for months or years
Typhoid fever and cholera
47
People can serve as reservoirs of disease meaning
that they can easily spread the infections to others during periods of illness, incubation period and convalescence
48
Patterns of infection
Local, focal, systemic, mixed, acute, chronic, primary secondary, subclinical
49
Manifestations of infections
Local and systemic
50
Local manifestions in infection
Heat (vasodilation) Incapacitation (organ can't do function) Pain/tenderness Edema Lymphadenopathy (enlargement of lymph nodes) Exudate (drainage) - Purulent = bacterial - clear = viral Dependent to area of infection
51
Exudate in local bacterial infections
lots of fighting in phagocytosis results in purulent colour and leads to pus in bacterial infections
52
Systemic manifestations in infection
Fever (pyrogens) Fatigue/weakness headache Malaise Nausea Arthralgia Leukocytosis Elevated ESR Elevated CRP (activated when you have a specific immune response)
53
What happens to the blood in bacterial infections
Increase in neutrophils
54
What happens to parasitic responses
Increase in eosinophils
55
What happens in viral infections
decrease in neutrophils (neutropenia) and increase in lymphocytes (lymphocytosis)
56
Purpose of WBC Differential/CBC
used to help diagnose the cause of a high or low WBC count Shows % of each WBC
57
For CBC what WBC will be high in a bacterial infection
First response of the body is to phagocyte and neutrophils are the first at this site. (40-60%) Therefore, they will be high as we want to phagocyte. Lymphocytes drop because neutrophils are so high. (20-40%)
58
What is the sum of all the WBCs in a CBC
100%
59
What are bands
young/immature neutrophils in very severe infection
60
What happens if bands are above 0-3%
Very severe infection or cancer
61
When do we take a culture and start antibiotics
Take culture before and then antibiotics to avoid false negatives. Antibiotic moves into the blood. When you take a small sample for culture it will have the antibiotic next to the sample and the bacteria will not grow.
62
Complications of Infection
Septicemia (Sepsis) Chronic Infection
63
Sepsis
Severe bacterial infection; life-threatening emergency (large quantity of microorganisms in the blood) Uncontrolled and overwhelming inflammatory response (+++++ inflammatory cytokines)
64
What do cytokines cause
generalized vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, intravascular fluid loss, myocardial depression, and circular shock
65
What is SIR
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, leads to tissue damage, organ failure, death
66
SIRS manifestations
Fever (over 38 C) Increased HR (over 90 beats/min) Increase RR (first indicator); hypo perfusion could cause lactic acid; infection of the lungs WBCs (Macrophages-cytokines-increased white cells neutrophils followed by moncytes; Leukocytosis (above 12, 000)
67
What is another word for a micro-organism
A causative agent
68
What type of cells are viruses
Acellular, cannot reproduce on own
69
What type of cells are parasites
Eukaryotic: Protozoa (unicellular), Metazoa (Multicellular)
70
What type of cells are Fungi
Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic: yeast (unicellular), molds (multicellular)
71
What types of cells are Prions
Proteins
72
Potential sources of pathogenic microorganisms
1) Exogenous (from outside) ex. eating or inhaling 2) Endogenous - Normal (resident) flora - Carriers
73
Explain how normal flora can be a potential source of pathogeny
Cause infection when they dislocate/change location
74
Explain a carrier as a source of pathogeny
A person who harbours a bacteria that shouldn't be in that area, but not causing infection or showing symptoms. It can still cause infection for someone else. Common for MRSA.
75
Principles of infection
Infection, endemic, epidemic
76
Chain of infection
1) Infectious agent 2) Reservoir 3) Portal of exit 4) Mean of transmission 5) Portal of entry 6) Susceptible host
77
What are reservoirs
people, water, food, environment, carrier
78
What are portals of exit
Excretions, secretions, skin
79
What are the means of transmission
1) Direct (touching lesion, sexual) 2) Indirect through intermediately such as hands, food, water, or format, bed linen, instrument 3) Droplet transmission 4) Aerosol/Airborne 5) Vector borne 6) Nosocomial infections
80
Difference between droplet and aerosol transmission
Droplet = respiratory viruses, needs to be carrier on a droplet of secretions through mouth/saliva short distance to travel Aerosol = don't need droplet can travel further, harder to control
81
Universal precautions/standard precautions
Considers that every single human is positive for these ex. HPV/Hep B, HIV, Hep C (blood-borne processes transmitted through bodily secretions) Don't touch body fluids w/o gloves. Watch out for blood splashes

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