BACTERIAL CELL STRUCTURE

Question 1

No nucleus
Prokaryote

Answer 1

Gram Positive

Question 2

Nucleoplasam concentrated nuclear elements

Answer 2

Gram negative

Question 3

For survival
Binary Fission

Answer 3

Prokaryotes

Question 4

For growth

Answer 4

Eukaryotes

Question 5

0.4-2um

Answer 5

Prokaryotes

Question 6

10-100um

Answer 6

Eukaryotes

Question 7

Nuclear Body

Nucleoid in the cytosol

Answer 7

Prokaryotes

Question 8

Nuclear body

Enclosed in a membrane

Answer 8

Eukaryotes

Question 9

Genome

Circular dsDNA; In the nucleoid, mesosome

Answer 9

Prokaryotes

Question 10

Genome

Multiple, linear DNA
in the nucleus

Answer 10

Eukaryotes

Question 11

Extrachromosomal Circular DNA

Plasmids, Transposons, Episomes

Answer 11

Prokaryote

Question 12

Extrachromosomal Circular DNA

Mitochondria, chloroplast

Answer 12

Eukaryotes

Question 13

Cell division

Binary fission

Answer 13

Prokaryotes

Question 14

Cell division

Mitosis

Answer 14

Eukaryotes

Question 15

Cell wall

PRESENT (except in mycoplasma and ureaplasma)

Answer 15

Prokaryotes

Question 16

Cell wall

ABSENT (except in fungi)

Answer 16

Eukaryotes

Question 17

Cytoplasmic membrane

Present (phospholipids and PROTEIN)

Answer 17

Prokaryotes

Question 18

Cytoplasmic membrane

Present (phospholipids and STEROLS)

Answer 18

Eukaryotes

Question 19

Cell organelles

ABSENT

Answer 19

Prokaryotes

Question 20

Cell organelles

PRESENT

Answer 20

Eukaryotes

Question 21

Site of energy production

Cytoplasmic Membrane

Answer 21

Prokaryotes

Question 22

Site of energy production

Mitochondria

Answer 22

Eukaryotes

Question 23

Site of protein synthesis

Free ribosomes
Size: Ribosomes 70S

Answer 23

Prokaryotes

Question 24

Site of protein synthesis

Rough ER
Size: RIbosomes 80s

Answer 24

Eukaryotes

Question 25

Motility Flagella

Answer 25

Prokaryotes

Question 26

Motility Flagella, Cilia, Pseudopod

Answer 26

Eukaryotes

Question 27

70% water 30% carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, enzymes

Answer 27

Bacterial cell

Question 28

Cell envelope structures

Answer 28

Basic structure Outer: Cell wall

Question 29

Cytoplasmic structures

Answer 29

No organelles Inner

Question 30

Ribosomes in fungi

Answer 30

80s

Question 31

Ribosomes in Parasites

Answer 31

80s

Question 32

Ribosomes in viruses

Answer 32

Absent

Question 33

Ribosomes in bacteria

Answer 33

70s

Question 34

Cell wall No

Answer 34

Viruses

Question 35

Cell wall Yes

Answer 35

Bacteria Fungi

Question 36

Cell wall +/-

Answer 36

Parasites

Question 37

Nucleic acid Either DNA or RNA

Answer 37

Viruses

Question 38

Nucleic acid Both DNA and RNA

Answer 38

Bacteria Fungi Parasites

Question 39

Type of nucleus None

Answer 39

Viruses

Question 40

Type of nucleus No distinct nuclear component

Answer 40

Bacteria

Question 41

Type of nucleus Membrane-bound nucleus

Answer 41

Fungi Parasites

Question 42

Mitochondria Absent

Answer 42

Viruses Bacteria

Question 43

Mitochondria Present

Answer 43

Fungi Parasites

Question 44

Nature of outer surface Protein capsid and lipo-protein envelope

Answer 44

Viruses

Question 45

Nature of outer surface Rigid wall containing peptidoglycan

Answer 45

Bacteria

Question 46

Nature of outer surface Rigid wall containing chitin

Answer 46

Fungi

Question 47

Nature of outer surface Flexible membrane

Answer 47

Parasites

Question 48

Motility None

Answer 48

Viruses Fungi

Question 49

Motility Some

Answer 49

Bacteria

Question 50

Motility Most

Answer 50

Parasites

Question 51

Method of replication Not binary fission

Answer 51

Viruses

Question 52

Method of replication Binary fission

Answer 52

Bacteria

Question 53

Method of replication Budding or mitosis

Answer 53

Fungi

Question 54

Method of replication Mitosis

Answer 54

Parasites

Question 55

Cell envelope structures Consists of cell wall and cell membrane

Answer 55

Cell envelope structures

Question 56

Cell envelope structures Does not have cell wall and cell membrane

Answer 56

myoplasma and ureaplasma

Question 57

Cell envelope structures Some bacteria may also possess

Answer 57

capsules and slime layers (resistance, adds on protective barrier)

Question 58

Cell wall in bacteria is mainly composed on

Answer 58

peptidoglycans

Question 59

Structure rigidity Strength structural rapport Maintains shape of cell

Answer 59

Peptidoglycans

Question 60

Cell wall

Answer 60

murein layer/mucopeptide

Question 60

Outer membrane

Answer 60

Gram negative only

Question 61

Contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan

Answer 61

Gram positive (POSITIVE PURPLE; making it difficult to decolorize, sticking to the purple color)

Question 62

Contains thin layer of peptidoglycan

Answer 62

Gram negative

Question 63

Contains waxy substances (e.g mycolic acids)

Answer 63

Acid fast

Question 64

Distinct in gram negative

Answer 64

Periplasm

Question 65

Contains gel-like substances that capture nutrients

Answer 65

Periplasm

Question 66

Contains enzymes (to metabolize nturients for bacteria)

Answer 66

Periplasm

Question 67

Deepest layer of the cell

Answer 67

Cell membrane

Question 68

contains proteins and enzymes that are vital to cellular metabolism

Answer 68

Cell membrane

Question 69

Serves as osmotic barrier

Answer 69

Cell membrane

Question 70

Give shape to the bacterial cell Provides protection

Answer 70

Cell wall

Question 71

3 types of cell wall

Answer 71

Gram + Gram - Acid fast

Question 72

Main constituent of cell wall

Answer 72

Peptidoglycan or Murein

Question 73

Main constituent: Peptidoglycan or Murein Consisting of alternating dissacharides

Answer 73

NAG (N-actyl glucosamine) NAM (N-actyl muramic acid) (Sugards Chained with AAs)

Question 74

Main constituent: Peptidoglycan or Murein Linked by

Answer 74

Pentapeptides (5 AAs)

Question 75

responsible for pathogenecity

Answer 75

Cell wall

Question 76

M protein

Answer 76

Prevents phagocytosis (to adhere itself, phagosome formation) Virulent factor

Question 77

Mycolic Acid

Answer 77

Prevent digestion (used by mycobacterium; acid fast)

Question 78

Serves as a point of anchorage of flagella

Answer 78

Cell wall

Question 79

Responsible for antigenic characteristic of certain bacteria

Answer 79

Cell wall

Question 80

Serves as the target of antimcrobial agents

Answer 80

Cell wall

Question 81

Responsible for staining characteristic of the cell

Answer 81

Cell wall

Question 82

Thick protective murein layer Presence of (Ribitol/Glycerol Phophate) Teichoic and Lipoteichoic acid (glycerol teichoic acid)

Answer 82

Gram positve

Question 83

No periplpasm

Answer 83

Gram positive

Question 84

Antigenic polysaccharide Presence of s-layer

Answer 84

Gram positive

Question 85

Thinner murein layer (inner peptidoglycan layer) Presence of murein lipoprotein

Answer 85

Gram negative

Question 86

Periplasmic space

Answer 86

Gram negative

Question 87

Outer layer:Proteins, Phospholipids and Lipopolysaccharides O-antigen Core polysaccharide Lipid A (endotoxin)

Answer 87

Gram negative

Question 88

Certain Gr neg organisms (Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrheae, and Bordetella pertussis) have no LPS but instead have

Answer 88

Lipo-oligosaccharides (LOS)

Question 89

Presence of phospholipids similar in the

Answer 89

cell membrane

Question 89

Contains Lipid A and oligosaccharide core but no O antigens

Answer 89

Lipo-oligosaccharides (LOS)

Question 90

Presence of principal proteins or major outer membrane proteins such as

Answer 90

Porin proteins Transmembrane Proteins (span the outer membrane) Peripheral proteins (responsible for transmembrane transport of molecules)

Question 91

Weakly gram positive

Answer 91

Acid fast organisms

Question 92

Possess a waxy layer of mycolic acid bound to the cell wall (seen in mycobacterium, nocardia)

Answer 92

Acid fast cell wall

Question 93

Difficult to stain

Answer 93

Hydrophobic

Question 94

Cell membrane of Acid fast organisms are similar to other bacteria except that they possess:

Answer 94

Phosphadylamannosides (PIM) and Lipoarabinomannan

Question 95

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma contains ___ in their cell membranes

Answer 95

Sterol

Question 96

Organisms that lack cell wall

Answer 96

Mycoplasma and ureaplasma

Question 97

Seen in various shape microscopically

Answer 97

Mycoplasma and ureaplasma

Question 98

Gram positive and gram negative cells that lose their cell walls

Answer 98

L-forms

Question 99

Can grow in media supplemented with serum or sugar to prevent osmotic rupture of the cell membrane

Answer 99

L-forms

Question 100

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins (phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol)

Answer 100

Plasma membranae

Question 101

30-60% phospholipids 59-70% protein

Answer 101

Plasma membrane

Question 102

For protection Osmotic barrier

Answer 102

Plasma membrane

Question 103

Site of energy production of plasma membrane

Answer 103

Electron transport chain

Question 104

Chemical components of plasma membrane

Answer 104

Phospholipids and proteins

Question 105

No ___ present in plasma membrane

Answer 105

sterols

Question 106

Folded areas of the cell membrane

Answer 106

Mesosomes

Question 107

Extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 107

Mesosomes

Question 108

Site of enyzmatic activity

Answer 108

Mesosomes

Question 109

Point of attachment for nucleoid

Answer 109

Mesosomes

Question 110

Surface polymers

Answer 110

Capsule Slime layer

Question 111

generally composed of polysaccharides

Answer 111

Capsule

Question 112

organized material firmly attached to cell wall

Answer 112

capsule

Question 113

Protects from dessication and toxic materials Promotes concentration of nutrients Promotes adhesion Antiphagocytic Antigen K antigen); (Vi antigen seen in S. typhi)

Answer 113

Functions of capsule

Question 114

Capsule polysaccharide containing

Answer 114

Klebsiella pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis Haemophilus influenza

Question 115

Polypeptide D-glutamic acid containing

Answer 115

Bacillus anthracis

Question 116

Hyaluronic Acid containing

Answer 116

Pasteurella multocida

Question 117

Unorganized layer and not firmly attached to cell wall

Answer 117

Slime layer

Question 118

Inhibits phagocytosis or aid in the adherence to host tissue or synthetic implants

Answer 118

Slime layer

Question 119

Slime layer polysaccharide containing

Answer 119

Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus mutans

Question 120

Consists of monomicrobic or polymicrobic group of bacteria housed in a complex polysaccharide matrix

Answer 120

Biofilm

Question 121

During biofilm formation the cells reach a critical mass that results in

Answer 121

alteration in metabolism and gene expression

Question 122

Why are bioflims important

Answer 122

Often difficult to detect Resistant to desiccation Dissemination Tolerant to Biocides

Question 123

Long filamentous appendages Organ for locomotion/motility

Answer 123

Flagella

Question 124

Seen mostly in Gr- bacilli 3 parts

Answer 124

Filament Hook Basal Body

Question 125

Seen in vibrio

Answer 125

Sheathed flagella

Question 126

Protein composition of flagella

Answer 126

flagellin

Question 127

Function of flagella

Answer 127

allows the spread of infection

Question 128

Flagella antigen

Answer 128

H antigen

Question 129

Tail Atrichous

Answer 129

None

Question 130

Tail Monotrichous

Answer 130

one

Question 131

Tail Lopotrichous

Answer 131

Multiply in tops at one end

Question 132

Tail Amphitrichous

Answer 132

both ends

Question 133

Tail Peritrichous

Answer 133

Many

Question 134

Flagellar stains

Answer 134

Leifson Gray Fisher and Conn

Question 135

Motility of flagella is best observed at

Answer 135

25 degrees celsius

Question 136

Flagella is seen in

Answer 136

Hanging drop method use of semisolid media

Question 137

Periplasmic flagella (endoflagellum)

Answer 137

Axial Fibril

Question 138

Spirochetes motility

Answer 138

Cork-screw motility

Question 139

Hairlike, protein structure (2um in length)

Answer 139

Pili

Question 140

Nonmotile, long hollow proteins

Answer 140

Pili

Question 141

Two types of pili

Answer 141

Common/Somatic Pili/Fimbriae Sex Pili

Question 142

Escherichia coli Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis Pseudomonas aeuriginosa Some Gr+ organisms such as: Actinomyces, some streptococci and corynebacteria

Answer 142

Fimbriae

Question 143

Amorphous gel containing enzymes, granules, inclusions, genome

Answer 143

Cytoplasm

Question 144

Nucleoid RIbosomes Endospores Transposons and Plasmids Cytoplasmic granules

Answer 144

Cytoplasmic structures

Question 145

Chromatin or nuclear body composed of single circular DNA

Answer 145

Nucleoid

Question 146

Appear as free or attached to the cell membrane

Answer 146

Ribosomes

Question 147

Size of ribosomes in cytoplasm

Answer 147

70s

Question 148

Produced during harsh conditions

Answer 148

Endospores

Question 149

Multilayered, small, dormant asexual spores Highly resistant in unfavorable conditions

Answer 149

Endospores

Question 150

Composition of endospores

Answer 150

Dipicolinic acid calcium complex

Question 151

Endosposres is stained/visualized by

Answer 151

Fulton-Schaeffer Method

Question 152

Endospores medically important genera

Answer 152

Bacillus Clostridium

Question 153

"Jumping genes"

Answer 153

Transposons

Question 154

DNA elements that are able to "JUMP" or TRANSPOSE from one chromosome or plasmid to another

Answer 154

Transposons

Question 155

Carry antibiotic resistance genes as function

Answer 155

Transposons

Question 156

Circular DNA elements

Answer 156

Plasmids

Question 157

Replicate independently from the chromosome

Answer 157

Plasmids

Question 158

Carry genes that give the bacterium an advantage

Answer 158

Plasmids

Question 159

Serve as food reserves (polysaccharides, lipids or polyphosphates)

Answer 159

Inclusion bodies

Question 160

Major storage material for enterics

Answer 160

Glycogen

Question 161

Principal storage material for neisseria and clostridium

Answer 161

Starch

Question 162

Seen in bacillus and pseudomonas

Answer 162

Poly-beta hydroxybutyrate

Question 163

Much granules

Answer 163

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 164

Babes Ernst Bodies/Metachromatic Granules/Volutin

Answer 164

Corynebacterium diphteriae

Question 165

Halberstaedter Prowazek bodies

Answer 165

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 166

Levinthal Cole Lillie Bodies

Answer 166

Chlamydophila psitaci

Question 167

Contains sulfure containing granules

Answer 167

Thiobacillus

Question 168

Bipolar bodies "Safety pin appearance"

Answer 168

Pasteurella multocida and Yersinia Pestis

Question 169

Classes of dyes

Answer 169

Basic dyes Acid dyes

Question 170

Cationic/(+) charged groups that bind to (-)charged molecules

Answer 170

Basic dyes

Question 171

Metheylene blue, basic fuchsin, crystal violet, safranin, malachite green

Answer 171

Basic dyes

Question 172

Anionic/ (-) charged groups that bind to (+) charged molecules

Answer 172

Acid dyes

Question 173

eosin, rose bengalm acid fuchsin

Answer 173

Acid dyes

Question 174

1 stain is used

Answer 174

SImple staining

Question 175

Stains/visualizes the form and shape of the bacterial cell

Answer 175

Simple staining

Question 176

use of 2 or more dyes

Answer 176

Differential stain

Question 177

Gram staining, acid-fast staining

Answer 177

Differential stain

Question 178

Primarily to demonstrate the capsule

Answer 178

Indirect/Relief staining/ Negative staining

Question 179

Bacteria appear as light-colored bodies against a dark background "Halo" appearance

Answer 179

Indirect/Relief staining/Negative staining

Question 180

Used to visualize capsulated bacteria such as klebsiella pneumoniae

Answer 180

Indirect/Relief staining/Negative staining

Question 181

India Ink

Answer 181

Indirect/Relief staining/Negative staining

Question 182

Stains for a specific parts of a bacterial cell

Answer 182

Special stains

Question 183

Dyar stain Neisser, Albert Fulton Schaeffer, Dorner Gray, Leifson Feulgen Levaditi's

Answer 183

Examples of special stains

Question 184

Dyar stain

Answer 184

Cell wall

Question 185

Neisser, Albert

Answer 185

Metachromatic Granules

Question 186

Fulton Schaeffer, Dorner

Answer 186

Endospores

Question 187

Gray, Leifson

Answer 187

Flagella

Question 188

Feulgen

Answer 188

DNA

Question 189

Spirochetes

Answer 189

Levaditi's

Question 190

Use of fluorochromes such as acridine orange, rhodamine-auramine, and fluoroscein isothiocyanate, calcofluor white

Answer 190

Use of fluorescent dyes

Question 191

Truant method for M. tuberculosis

Answer 191

Rhodamine-auramine

Question 192

FITC

Answer 192

Fluotoscein isothiocyanate

Question 193

more sensitive as compared to routine stains

Answer 193

use of fluoroscent dyes

Question 194

Fundamental staining method in bacteriology

Answer 194

Gram staining

Question 195

Developed by hans christian gram

Answer 195

Gram staining

Question 196

Gram staining involves the use of

Answer 196

Primary stain Mordant Decolorizer Secondary stain

Question 196

Primary Stain Crystal violet

Answer 196

Gram (+) ✓ Gram (-) ✓

Question 197

Mordant Gram's iodine

Answer 197

Gram (+) ✓ Gram (-) ✓

Question 198

Decolorizer 95% ethanol or acetone-alcohol

Answer 198

Gram (+) ✓ Gram (-) colorless

Question 199

Secondary stain Safranin or Carbol Fuchsin

Answer 199

Gram (+) ✓ Gram (-) Red/dark pink

Question 200

Staining method for bacteria that possess mycolic acid in their cell walls (i.e mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species and nocardia)

Answer 200

Acid fast staining

Question 201

Principle of acid fast staining

Answer 201

Mycolic acid, once stained by the primary stain is able to resist the decolorization of acid-alcohol rendering them as "ACID FAST"

Question 202

Methods of Acid fast staining

Answer 202

Ziehl-Neelsen (Hot method) Kinyoun Method (Cold method)

Question 203

Ziehl neelsen Primary stain

Answer 203

Carbolfuchsin

Question 204

Ziehl-Neelsen Mordant

Answer 204

Heat/steam

Question 205

Ziehl-Neelsen Decolorizer

Answer 205

Acid-alcohol

Question 206

Ziehl-Neelsen Secondary stain

Answer 206

Methylene blue/malachite green

Question 207

Kinyoun method Primary stain

Answer 207

Carbolfuchsin

Question 208

Kinyoun method Mordant

Answer 208

Tergitol

Question 209

Kinyoun method Decolorizer

Answer 209

Acid alcohol

Question 210

Kinyoun method Second stain

Answer 210

Methylene blue/malachite green

Question 211

Decolorizer NAF

Answer 211

Colorless

Question 212

Secondary stain NAF

Answer 212

Blue