Bacterial Infections Comparison Chart

Question 1

what are the four bacterial infections that we studied in class?

Answer 1

botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, and gonorrhea

Question 2

what is the causative agent of botulism?

Answer 2

Clostridium botulinum

Question 3

what is the causative agent of tetanus

Answer 3

Clostridium tetani

Question 4

what is the causative agent of diphtheria?

Answer 4

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 5

describe Clostridium botulinum. what disease does it cause, and which type of toxin is it?

Answer 5

botulism, neurotoxin

Question 6

Clostridium botulinum: characteristics (3)

Answer 6

• obligate anaerobe
• spore former
• found in soil

Question 7

where is Clostridium botulinum found?

Answer 7

in soil

Question 8

Clostridium botulinum: spores or no spores?

Answer 8

spores!

Question 9

Clostridium botulinum: air needs?

Answer 9

obligate anaerobe

Question 10

what are the air needs of botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, and gonorrhea?

Answer 10

B: obligate anaerobe
T: obligate anaerobe
D: facultative anaerobe
G: facultative anaerobe

Question 11

name some symptoms of botulism

Answer 11

droopy eyelids
blurred vision
thick tongue
difficulty swallowing
resp. and cardiac arrest
paralysis

Question 12

what is the pathogenesis of botulism (PCII)

Answer 12

produce toxin which is then ingested

Question 13

what is the pathogenesis (PCII) of botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, and gonorrhea?

Answer 13

B: produce toxin which is then ingested
T: invades tissue, followed by toxin production
D: colonize mucous membrane, then produce toxin
G: colonize mucous membrane, then produce toxin

Question 14

where could you get clostridium botulinum from?

Answer 14

ingest toxins in food and dust

Question 15

how to prevent botulism?

Answer 15

anti-toxins
supportive measures

Question 16

is botulism heat-liable or heat stable!

Answer 16

heat-liable, aka heat-sensitive

Question 17

describe Clostridium tetani. what types of toxin is it? (3)

Answer 17

tetanospasmin
neurotoxin
AB toxin

Question 18

describe characteristics of Clostridium tetani

Answer 18

• obligate anaerobe
• spore-former
• found in soil

Question 19

tetanus: air needs

Answer 19

obligate anaerobe

Question 20

tetanus: spores or no spores?

Answer 20

spores!

Question 21

where is Clostridium tetani found?

Answer 21

in soil

Question 22

describe some symptoms of tetanus

Answer 22

• restless
• difficulty swallowing
• contracted muscles
• grimace
• locked jaw
• can break bones w contractions
• spasms
• pneumonia
• death

Question 23

how to contract neonatal tetanus?

Answer 23

puncture wound –> spores in tissue –> germinate if anaerobic –> vegetative cells multiply to produce toxin

Question 24

tetanus treatment?

Answer 24

antitoxin (TIG)
antibiotic
muscle relaxants

Question 25

describe Corynebacterium diphtheriae (3)

Answer 25

cytotoxin produce endotoxins (AB toxin)

Question 26

symptoms of diptheria?

Answer 26

mild sore throat, fatigue, fever neck swelling grey membrane on the back of throat

Question 27

pathogenesis of diphtheria?

Answer 27

colonize throat, produce toxin

Question 28

local diphtheria symptoms?

Answer 28

pseudomembrane (dead cells, pus, blood)

Question 29

systemic diphtheria symptoms?

Answer 29

heart, kidney, throat

Question 30

how is diphtheria spread?

Answer 30

through the air by infected people

Question 31

what is a virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

Answer 31

toxin inhibits euk protein synthesis which causes cell death

Question 32

how to diagnose diphtheria?

Answer 32

forms black colonies on Hoyle's agar, then confirm Gram stain

Question 33

how to treat diphtheria?

Answer 33

antitoxin, antibiotic

Question 34

how to prevent diphtheria?

Answer 34

vaccine + Td or Tdap booster

Question 35

how to prevent tetanus?

Answer 35

vaccine + booster every 10 years (Td or Tdap)

Question 36

what is the causative agent of gonorrhea

Answer 36

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 37

who can be a gonorrhea host? why?

Answer 37

humans, it does not survive in the environment

Question 38

how is gonorrhea transmitted?

Answer 38

sexually

Question 39

distribution of asymptomatic cases for gonorrhea?

Answer 39

50% of women are asymptomatic 10% of men are asymptomatic

Question 40

describe characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. G+ or G- shape? aka? 3 special traits?

Answer 40

gram negative diplo-cocci gonococcus fastidious, non-motile, pilliated

Question 41

how does gonorrhea evade the immune system?

Answer 41

OMP LOS Pilus release IgA proteases Prevent phagolysosome fusion Bind complement regulator

Question 42

what does OMP do in gonorrhea? (2) why is that relevant

Answer 42

binds TCR and prevents activation, which inhibits adaptive immunity

Question 43

what does LOS do in gonorrhea?

Answer 43

invisibility cloak. mechanism of immune invasion

Question 44

what does Pilus do in gonorrhea?

Answer 44

antigenic variation, phase variation. mechanism of immune invasion

Question 45

what is the mechanism of pathogenesis of gonorrhea?

Answer 45

invade mucosal cells, multiplies on cell surface or enters cells by endocytosis and multiplies there, and then takes a ride on sperm

Question 46

what causes damage and disease when it comes to gonorrhea? (one word)

Answer 46

inflammation

Question 47

gonorrhea is a very common infection, especially among young people ages _______

Answer 47

15-24 years

Question 48

what are some symptoms of gonorrhea in men?

Answer 48

- 10% asymptomatic - burning when urinating, discharge - painful or swollen testicles - can progress to inflammation of prostate gland or testicles - can lead to infertility - oral/rectal symptoms depending on method of entry

Question 49

what are some symptoms of gonorrhea in women?

Answer 49

- 50% asymptomatic - burning when urinating, discharge - bleeding between periods - often misdiagnosed, high risk for complications

Question 50

what treatment is for gonorrhea is required by law?

Answer 50

Opthalmia Neonatorum, antibiotic on baby's eyes right after birth

Question 51

how to diagnose gonorrhea?

Answer 51

- NAT (nucleotide amplification test) for gonorrhea and chalmydia. swabs or urine samples, or samples from other potentially infected areas

Question 52

how to prevent gonorrhea?

Answer 52

combine antibiotics

Question 53

how to prevent gonorrhea?

Answer 53

no vaccine, safe sx, abstinence, or monogamy. test and treat infected people. antibiotic on infants eyes.

Question 54

no gonorrhea vaccine. why is that relevant?

Answer 54

NO IMMUNITY AFTER INFECTION = REINFECTION!