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BIOL212LA SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY LABORATORY > BACTERIAL PHYLA > Flashcards

BACTERIAL PHYLA Flashcards

1
Q
  • small group
  • thermohpilic-hyperthermophilic, chemolithotrophic
  • hot environments
  • obligate anaerboes except G. Aquifex
A

Phylum 1- Aquificae

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2
Q

derive their energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules

A

chemolithotrophic

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3
Q
  • G -
  • can live 95 C
  • GOT 85 C
  • thermophilic and hyperthermophilic
  • chemolithoautotrophs - Kreb’s for CO2 fixation
  • hydrothermal environments
  • aerobic, only low quantities of O2
  • non-sporulating
  • motile
  • metabolic versatility
  • H2S or S2O32 (thiosulfate) as energy source/substrate
A

G. Aquifex

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4
Q

phylum if Genus Aquifex

A

Aquificae

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5
Q
  • aerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria
  • best studied: G. Thermus G. Deinococcus
A

Phylum 2 - Xenobacteria

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6
Q
  • G -
  • thermophilic
  • immotile/motile w/ flagella
  • more activte at higher temp.
  • more thermostable than most other enzymes
  • GOT 70 C-75 C (min: 37-45 C, max: 79 C)
  • some w/ lower GOT, ~6O C (min: 35-40 C, max: 70 C)
  • GOpH 7.5-8.0
  • GOpH for thermus trains 5.1-9.5
A

G. Thermus

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7
Q

Genus Thermus
Genus Deinococcus

A

Genera of Phylum Xenobacteria

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8
Q
  • incapable of fermentation
  • growth substrates: carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acids, and peptides
  • monosaccharide - source for single carbons ; pentoses not metabolized
  • most Icelandic strains - use sucrose and & maltose, 2 strains - glucose
  • proteins hydrolyzed vary by the isolates
  • elastin, fibrin, and casein - used by many high temp. strains
  • Nitrate - terminal electron strains
  • grows anaerobically in the presence but not in the absence of nitrate.
A

Thermus Strains

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9
Q
  • G -
  • cell structure w/ tripartite cell envelope
  • tripartite CE - plasma membrane, thin middle layer, thicker, irregular outer layer.
  • produces Taq DNA
  • complete Kreb’s cycle - glyoxylate bypass, isocitrate lyase, malate synthase
A

Thermus aquaticus

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10
Q

major enzyme used in Polymerase Chain Reactio (PCR) techniques for amplifying DNA

A

Taq DNA

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11
Q
  • G -
  • curved, rod
  • 1-2 um length, 0.5-0.75 um dm
  • chemolithoautotroph
  • obligate anaerobe
  • motile w/ monotrichous
  • unique lifestyle & biochemistry
  • eats arsenic
  • arsenate for respiration ; most oxidized form of arsenic
  • acetate & arsenite - electron donors for energy
  • environments rich in arsenite
A

Chrysiogenes arsenatis (Phylum 3 - Chrysiogenetes)

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12
Q
  • small phylum
  • chemotrophic & autotrophic
  • best studied genera: Thermomicrobium & Chloroflexus
A

Phylum 4 - Thermomicrobium

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13
Q
  • 2 G - chemotrophic species
  • lipids made up of 1,2-dialcohols instead of glycerol
A

Genus Thermomicrobium

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14
Q
  • G -
  • thermophilic
  • filamentous
  • anoxygenic phototroph (do not produce O2)
  • GOT 35-70 C
  • in alkaline hot springs - thick mats
  • photosynthesis carried out via bacteriochlorophyll a
  • grows in the dark by chemo-organotrophic by aerobic respiration
  • ancient genus w/ photosynthetic metabolism
  • part way b/w the Purple and Green Sulphur Bacteria
  • may be one of the earliest photosynthetic bacteria
A

Genus Chloroflexus

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15
Q
  • survive in the dark if O2 is available
  • grew in the dark - dark orange
  • grew in sunlight - dark green
A

Chloroflexus auranticus

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16
Q
  • photosynthetic
  • 2nd org in ext. - produces O2 as byproduct
  • allowed aerobic organisms to develop
  • in water
  • once thought to be blue-green alage
  • green from chlorophyll
  • blue from phycocyanin
  • phycoerythrin - red ; red+green = brown (some)
  • soils, rock, freshwater
  • in desert - dormant most of the time
  • in aqua. env. - thick mats
  • high tolerance of heat and low pH = main autotrophs in hot springs
  • symbioses with liverworts, cycads, and ferns
  • fungi - best/known symbiosis ; produces lichens
  • 1st org. to release O2 into the atmosphere
A

Phylum 5 - Cyanobacteria

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17
Q

SNAH
- Stigonema
- Nostoc
- Anabaena
- Hapalosiphon

A

Important genera of Phylum 5 - Cyanobacteria

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18
Q
  • Filamentous w/ solitary filaments
  • free clusters/macrscopic mats
  • cylindrical, longer than wide (2-10 um in dm)
  • pale/bright blue-green or olive-green
  • heterocyst-forming
  • photoautotrophic > oxygenic photosynthesis
  • in long filaments of vegetative cells
A

Genus Anabaena

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19
Q
  • Durng times of low env. nitrogen, 1/10 cells -> heterocyst
  • supplies neighbouring cells with fixed nitrogen for products of photosynthesis (can no longer perform)
  • nitrogenase is unstable in the presence of O2, O2 na nitrogen must be separated
  • heterocycts maintain a low level of O2 within the cell
  • builds 3 additional layers outside the cell wall = enlarged & rounded apperance
  • the rate of O2 diffusion into heterocycts is 100 times lwoer than of vegetative cells
  • 1 layer creates an envelope polysaccharide layer - nitrogen is fixed in an oxygen-restricted milleu
  • to lower O2 within the cell, photosystem II is eliminated, and the rat of respiration is increased.
A

Heterocysts

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20
Q
  • small phylum
  • 17 species
  • “Green Sulphur Bacteria”
  • contain bacteriochlorophyll a & c/d/e
  • LE trapped by BC c, d, & e is chanelled to BC a
  • BC a- site of photosynthesis
A

Phylum 6 - Chlorobia

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21
Q
  • G -
  • obligate anaerobe
  • photoautotrophic
  • inc. green sulphur bacteria
  • photolithotrophic oxidizers of sulfur
  • uti. noncyclic ETC
  • non-motile
    stagith/curved rod
  • GOpH 6-7
  • habit of “consorting” with other larger, non-phototrophic bacteria
A

Genus Chlorobium

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22
Q

will be in consrt with a single non-chlorobium cell

A

Chlorobium spp.

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23
Q
  • aggregation
  • more than just casual groupings because both Chlorobium and non-Chlorobium cekks divide at the same time
  • unknown ecological signifiance
A

Consortia

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24
Q
  • thermophilic
    formes dense microbial mats in hot springs with a high sulphide content
A

Chlorobium tepidum

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25
Q
  • G -
  • 2nd largest group
  • 1534 species, 32.3% of all known bacteria
  • Purple Phototrophic Bacteria
  • Nitrifying Bacteria
  • Spirilla
  • Methanotrophs
  • Acetic Acid Bacteria
  • Free living Aerobic
  • Nitrogen Fixers
  • Enteric Bacteria
  • Bioluminiscent
  • Rickettsias
A

Phylum 7 - Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria)

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26
Q
  • inc. Escherichia
  • G -
  • non-sporulating
  • non-motile/motile w/ peritrichous flagella
  • facultative anaerobes
  • oxidase-negative
  • relatively simple nutritional requirements
  • end products, e.. fermenting sugars
A

Enteric Bacteria

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27
Q
  • in intestinal tract of humans & warm-blooded animals (non-dominant)
  • nutritional role in the iT - synthesizing vitamins (Vit. K)
  • facultative anaerobe
  • help consume O2 = rendering the large intesting, anoxic
  • mesophilic
  • GOT 37-39 C
A

Genus Escherichia

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28
Q
  • bacilli
  • straight, rod-like form
  • 0.4-0.7 um (1-3 um) in size
  • singly or in pairs
  • motile
A

Escherichia coli

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29
Q
  • all G + except G. Mycoplasma
  • largest group of bacteria
  • 2475 species
  • 255 genera
  • 40% of are in just 6 genera
  • divided into their GC ratio
  • either High GC or Low GC
A

Phylum 8 - Firmicutes

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30
Q

G. Lactobacillus - 100 sp.
G. Mycoplasma - 110 sp.
G. Bacillus - 114 sp.
G. Clostridium - 146 sp.
G. Streptomyces - 509 sp.
G. Micrococcus

A

Genera of Firmicutes w/ numer of species each

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31
Q

ratio of Guanine and Cytosine to Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, and Thymine in the cell
(G+C)/(G+C+A+T) x 100

A

GC Ratio

32
Q
  • spherical
  • Family Micrococcaceae
  • 0.5-3.5 m in dm
  • non-motile
    mesophilic
  • chemoheterotroph
  • aerobically producing acid from glucose
  • forms tetrad or irregular clusters
A

Genus Micrococcus

33
Q
  • tiny, slender bacilli (rod-shaped)
  • non-motile
  • in chains
  • facultative anaerobe
  • GO7 30 C-40 C
  • young colonies have smooth, convex, and translucent appearance
  • hydrolyze esculin and ferment carbohydrates
  • microaerophilic/anaerobic
  • more resistant to acidic conditions than other lactic acid bacteria
  • can grow at as low as pH 4
  • oxidase & catalase-negative
  • selectiively soalted from natural materials by use of acidic-rich carbohydrate-containing medium (tomato juice-peptone sugar)
A

Genus Lactobacilli

34
Q
  • family Clostridicaceae
  • rod-shaped
  • in pairs or small chains
  • pleomorphic
  • mesophilic chemoorganotroph
  • non-motile/w/ preitrichous
  • anaerobic energy-yielding mechanisms
  • ferment sugar - butyric acid as major end product
  • vegetative cells are formed
  • most are obligate anaerobes or aerotolerant
  • filamentous growth
A

Genus Clostridium

35
Q
  • G - (without cell wall)
  • phylogenetically related to low GC, gram + bacteria
  • small
  • non-motile
  • highly pleomorphic
  • small coccoid elements, large, swollen, filamentous forms or variable lengths, often high-branched
  • carbohydrates as energy sourrce
  • growth factors: range of vitamins, amino acids, purines, & pyrimidines
  • some are stricly respirratory
  • others are facultative/obligate anaerobes
  • mesophilic
A

Genus Mycoplasma

36
Q
  • pleomorphic
  • branching/filamentous growth
  • in simple mineral salts medium w/ ammonium as nitrogen source
  • glycerol/acetate - sole carbon source
A

Genus Mycobacterium

37
Q
  • Chlamydiaceae - smaller of the 2 families w/ 3 species, all in G. Chlamydia
  • all 3 are obligate parasites of warm-blooded animals
  • all sp. under Chlamydiaceae ar pathogenic
A

Phylum 9 - Planctomyces and Allies

38
Q
  • small but distinct family of bacteria
  • 4 genera, 10 species
  • reproduce stalk made of protein
  • budding bacteria
  • stalk- means of attachment to substrates
  • primarly aquatic aerobic chemoorganotrophs
  • little is known about its ecology
A

Family Planctomycetaceae

39
Q

G. Pirellula
G. Planctomyces
G. Gemmata
G. Isophaera - gliding filamentous form

A

Genera of F. Planctomycetaceae

40
Q
  • G - (w/o peptidoglycan)
  • facultaitve anaerobe, chemoorganotroph
  • spherical, ovoid shape
  • 1-1.5 um long
  • most - mesophile
  • few - thermophile
  • budding reproduction
  • flagella for locomotion
  • phylogenetically “stalked”/”appendaged”
  • fresh, marine, brackish water, saltwater, cattle manure, garbage dumps, rice paddies
  • stalk at the non-reproductive end - aids in their attachment to one another during budding
A

Genus Planctomyces

41
Q

causes a varitey of respiratory problems similar to pneumonia

A

Chlamydia pnuemoniae

41
Q

causes trachoma, the leading cause of blindness in humans, as well as otitis, a non-gonooccal urethritis, urethral inflammation, Lymphogranuloma venereum, and cervicits

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

41
Q
  • in birds, occasionally mammals, including humans
  • causes epidemic Psttaacosis in birds, particularly parrots, as well as pneumonia, arthritis and conjunctivitis in young mammals such as kittens, calves, foals, and piglets
A

Chlamydia psittaci

42
Q
  • G -
  • chemoheterotrophic
  • mesophilic
  • most - tightly-coiled, long, slender shape
  • 1 or more flagella (up to 100) at the end of their cells
  • movement when flagella are rotated
  • larger sp. - 0.25 mm long, 0.00075 mm in dm (Spirochaeta flicatilis)
A

Phylum 10 - Spirochetes

42
Q

G. Spirochaeta
G. Treponema
G. Leptospira
G. Leptonema
G. Borrelia
G. Cristispira

A

Genera under phylum Spirochetes

43
Q
  • common in ponds and lakes
  • some are endosymbionts of animals, termites
A

Genus Spirochaeta

44
Q
  • only species (genus) which lvies generally within the “style” of molluscs, clams and oysters
A

Genus Cristispira

45
Q

G. Leptospira
G. Leptonema

A

2 aerobic genera of Phylum Spirochetes

46
Q

an internal parasite of mammals

A

Leptospira interrogans

47
Q
  • normally found in rodents but can infect both humans and dogs
  • in humans - leptospirosis - disease of the kidneys which can be fatal
  • obligate aerobe
  • extremely thin, tighlt-coiling spirochetes
  • has special sort of flexous movement
  • inc. pathogenic leptospire L. interrogans, and free-living leeptospire L. iblexa
A

Genus Leptospira & Genus Leptonema

48
Q
  • microaerophilic
  • cont. most pathogenic sp of Spirochetes
  • most sp. are parasites in animals
  • periplasmic flagella (endoflagella)
  • long, flexible, helical-shaped
  • internal structure - distinctive corkscrew motion
  • super thin peptidoglycan layer enclosed in outer membrane
A

Genus Borrelia

49
Q

causes relapsing fever in humans, commonly transmitted viaa the body louse

A

Borrelia recurrentis

50
Q
  • Lyme disease - traansmitted by ticks
  • DNA is linear (only in eukaryotes)
A

Borrelia burgdorferi

51
Q

flagella that is located between the outer membrane and protoplasmic cylinder

A

Periplasmic/Endoflagella

52
Q
  • small phylum
  • inc. many major rumen bacteria
  • G. Fibrobacter
A

Genus Fibrobacter

53
Q
  • G -
  • no genune cell wall, inst. a distinct cell envelope
  • several flagella throughout their length for mobility
  • fbrogranules in cytoplasm
  • chemoheterotrophic
  • anaerobe
  • mesophilic
  • rod-shaped
  • non-motile
A

Phylum 11 - Fibrobacteres

54
Q
  • 3rd largest phylum
  • 130 sp., 20 genera
  • obligate aerobes & obligate anaerobes
A

Phylum 12 - Bacteroides

55
Q
  • G -
  • commensals in the guts of animals
  • obligate anaerobes
  • heterotrophic
  • mesophilic
  • non-motile
  • rods
  • most common bacteria in human large intestine
  • 1010-1011 cells per gram of feces
  • some are pathogenic > GI disorders
A

Genus Bacteroides

56
Q
  • G -
  • cell wall - innrer plsma membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, and an outside layer
  • rod-shaped bacilli
  • tiny-medium ; 0.5x1.3 um in size
  • chains/clusters
  • single cells, in pairs, or together
  • primarily aquatic sp.
  • in food-processing plants
  • chemoorganotrophic
  • mesophilic
  • aerobic
A

Phylum 13 - Flavobacterium

57
Q

believed to be a cause of infant meningitis

A

Flavobacterium meningosepticum

58
Q
  • widespread soil species
  • habitt of attaching to cellulose strands before digesting them
  • both genera are obligate anaerobes
  • cellulose degraders in aerobic environments
A

Phylum 14 - Sphingobacteria

59
Q

G. Cytophaga
G. Sporoocytophaga

A

2 Genera of P. Sphingobacteria

60
Q
  • G -
  • rod-shaped
  • move by gliding
  • flagella not necessary for motility
  • chemoorganotrophic
  • mesophilic
  • pathogenic
A

Genus Cytophaga

61
Q

causes Columnariss dieases

A

Cytophaga columnaris

62
Q

causes cold-water disease

A

Cytophaga psychrophila

63
Q
  • G -
  • small phylum
  • most are in G. Fusobacterium
  • heterotrophic
  • mesophilic
  • anaerobic
  • non-motile
  • filamentous
  • secondary colonists on the dental plaque on your teeth
  • formed by species of Streptomyces - thickens and reinforces the bacterial attack on the teeth
A

Phylum 15- Fusobacteria

64
Q
  • G -
  • non-sporulating
  • slender, tapered-end bacilli
  • anaerobic
  • opportunistic pathogen (in the normal flora of humans and animal)
  • numerous animals may grow into experimental models of infection
A

Genus Fusobacterium

65
Q
  • G -
  • recently described phylum
  • heterorophic
  • mesophilic
  • facultative anaerobe
  • non-motile
  • pleomorphic
  • budding for reproduction
  • freshwater, soil env., human feces
  • appendaged ; utilized prosthecae to stick to the cells of its host
  • in association w/ eukaryotic hosts
  • cause of verrucae on the feet and hands
A

Phylum 16 - Verrucomicrobia

66
Q

G. Chlamydiae
G. Lestisphaerae

A

2 sster phyla of P. Verrucomicrobia

67
Q
  • glycoside hydrlases are abundant
  • upper lake
  • has unique class of genes for cytochrome c synthesis (typ. thought to be in P. P anctomyces)
  • evolutuonary relationships w/ the PVC superphylum
A

Genus Verrucomicrobium

68
Q

Planctomyces
Verrucomicrobia
Chlamydiota

A

PVC superphylum

69
Q
  • round
  • clusters
  • G -
    P. Firmicutes
    C. Bacilli
    O. Bacillales
    F. Staphylococcaceae
    G. Staphylococcus
    SP. Aureus
A

Staphyloccous aureus

70
Q
  • rod-shaped
  • chains
  • G +
    P. Bacilliota
    C. Bcilli
    O. Bacillales
    F. Bcillaceae
    G. Bacillus
    SP. subtillis
A

Bacillus sp.

71
Q
  • spherical/helical
  • single
  • G -
    P. Pseudomonadota
    C. Betaproteoabacteria
    O. Nitrosomondales
    F. Spirillaceae
    G. Spirillum
    SP. voluntans
A

Spirillum sp.

72
Q
  • round
  • chaiins
  • G +
    P. Bacilliota
    C. Bacilli
    O. Lactobacillales
    F. Streptococcaceae
    G. Streptococcus
    SP. anginosus
A

Streptoccous sp.

BIOL212LA SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY LABORATORY (8 decks)

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