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Dermatology > Bacterial Skin Disease > Flashcards

Bacterial Skin Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the various types of cutaneous bacteria?

A
  • Residents (e.g. Staph, Micrococcus)
    • they do multiply
  • Transients (e.g. E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, P. aeruginosa)
    • Do not multiply, competitive with resident bacteria
  • Pathogens (e.g. S. pseudintermedius, S. schleiferi)
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2
Q

What are the various types of canine and feline skin flora?

A
  • Staph pseudintermedius
  • Staph aureus
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Staph simulans
  • Staph epidermis
  • Staph xylosus
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3
Q

What are the various equine skin flora?

A
  • Staph aureus
  • Staph pseudintermedius
  • Dermatophilus congolensis
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4
Q

What is an example of porcine skin flora?

A

Staph hyicus

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5
Q

What are the various physical defense mechanisms of the skin?

A
  • hairs
  • stratum corneum
  • lipid envelope
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6
Q

What are the various chemical defense mechanisms of the skin?

A

sebum and fatty acids

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7
Q

What are the various immune defense mechanisms of the skin?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • Langerhans cells
  • keratinocytes
  • cytokines
  • AMPs
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8
Q

Which normal cutaneous microbe provides microbial defense for the skin by competition?

A

Staph epidermidis

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9
Q

Define pyoderma

A
  • bacterial infection within the skin
  • can be surface, superficial, or deep and primary or secondary
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10
Q

What are some examples of surface pyoderma

A
  • pyotraumatic dermatitis “hot spot”
  • skin fold pyoderma “intertrigo”
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11
Q

How do you describe pyotraumatic dermatitis?

A
  • common
  • thick or long hair
  • warm weather
  • rapid onset
  • self-induced
  • underlying problem
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12
Q

What are some underlying problems that can lead to pyoderma?

A
  • flea allergy
  • ectoparasites
  • allergic skin dz
  • anal sac dz
  • otitis externa
  • contact
  • ocular
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13
Q

How do you treat pyotraumatic dermatitis?

A
  • Clip and clean area
  • Topical astringents and antiseptics
  • break the itch cycle
    • topical or oral glucocorticoids
  • +/- systemic abx
  • identify and correct underlying cause
    • kill the fleas!
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14
Q

What causes skin fold pyoderma?

A
  • surface infection
  • warm, moist folds
    • bacteria
    • yeasts
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15
Q

How do you treat skin fold pyoderma?

A
  • Medical
    • cleaning
    • wipes
  • Surgical
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16
Q

Describe superficial pyoderma?

A
  • pustules are present in/under the stratum corneum or inside the hair follicles
  • e.g. impetigo “puppy pyoderma”, superficial bacterial folliculitis
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17
Q

Describe impetigo

A
  • subcorneal pustules in glabrous ares
  • not contagious like human dz
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18
Q

How do you diagnose and treat impetigo?

A
  • Dx: signalment and clinical signs
  • Tx:
    • topical tx
    • ensure clean environment
    • severe or persistent cases may need systemic abx
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19
Q

What things cause folliculitis?

A
  • bacteria
  • demodex
  • dermatophytes
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20
Q

What are three examples of primary skin lesions from bactieral skin disease?

A
  • papules
  • pustules
  • erythematous macules
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21
Q

What are some secondary lesions that result from bacterial skin diseases?

A
  • circular crusts
  • epidermal collarettes
  • focal scaling
  • alopecia
  • hyperpigmented macules
22
Q

What is the distribution of pyoderma?

A
  • trunk: ventral abdomen
  • pruritus is variable - generally present
23
Q

How do you diagnose folliculitis?

A
  • C/S
  • always R/O other causes
    • skin scrapings
  • cytology
  • culture
  • biopsy
  • response to rx
24
Q

How do you treat folliculitis?

A
  • antibiotics
    • appropriate length of tx
    • empirical choice or based on culture and sensitivity
  • topical tx
  • ID and correct underlying cause!
25
Q

What are the organisms that cause equine folliculitis?

A
  • Staphilococcus spp.
  • Dermatophilus congolensis
26
Q

What are the clinical presentations of a dermatophilosis infection?

A
  • Strawberry foot rot
  • rain scald
  • rain rotscald
  • rain rot
  • lumpy wool
  • Streptothricosis
27
Q

Describe dermatophilosis

A
  • Dermatophilosis congolensis
  • Gram + aerobic or facultative anaerobe
  • Actinomycete
  • Common dz, esp during rainy season
  • Horses, cattle, sheep, goats
    • Dogs
  • potentially zoonotic
28
Q

What are 3 factors that are important for dermatophilosis to occur?

A
  • Chronic carriers
    • zoospores resist drying at 100 deg C
    • survives in crusts for 42 months
  • Moisture, rain, sweating
    • humidity (controversial)
  • Break in skin integrity
    • trauma, ectoparasites
29
Q

How is dermatophilosis transmitted?

A
  • mechanical transmission
    • flies
  • contaminated clippers
  • normal healthy skin resistant to infection
30
Q

What are the clinical features of dermatophilosis?

A
  • dorsal surfaces of animals
  • thick “paintbrush” crusts
  • hair easily removed exposing moist pink skin
  • green exudate and erosions
  • more painful than pruritic
  • dry crusts, scale, alopecia
31
Q

How do you diagnose and treat dermatophilosis?

A
  • Dx: clinical features and cytology (railroad tracks)
  • Tx:
    • self limiting
    • remove from rain
    • topical
      • benzoyl peroxide and chlorohex shampoo
    • systemic abx for min of 2 wks
      • TMP-Sulfa
      • Penicillin
32
Q

Describe Staphylococcal folliculitis/furunculosis

A
  • Staph aureus
  • complication of most pruritic dz
  • 3 main syndromes:
    • trunk
    • tail
    • pastern
  • no breed, age predilection
33
Q

Describe truncal folliculitis

A
  • heat rash, saddle rash
  • painful papulonodular eruption
  • saddle areas and can spread
34
Q

Describe tail pyoderma

A
  • pustules arise on dorsal area of tail
  • induced by tail rubbing
  • pruritic
  • incr self induced trauma
35
Q

Describe exudative epidermitis

A
  • caused by S. hyicus
  • toxins are absorbed
    • liver and kidney dz
  • in sucking piglets dz is usually confined to individual animals
36
Q

Describe deep pyoderma

A
  • furunculosis
  • abscess/cellulitis/panniculitis
37
Q

What is furuncolosis?

A
  • hair follicles rupture and infection spreads to the dermis
  • infection may be mixed
38
Q

What are the clinical signs of furunculosis?

A
  • ulcers
  • fistulous tracts
  • pustules/bulla
  • cellulitis
39
Q

How do you diagnose furunculosis?

A
  • r/o demodex
  • cytology
  • culture
  • biopsy
  • response to abx
40
Q

How do you treat furunculosis?

A
  • Abx
    • appropriate length of tx
    • choice based on C&S
    • if mult bacteria, address Staph first
  • Topical tx
    • antibiotic vs antiseptic
  • Underlying cause
    • allergies, endocrinopathies
  • Immunotherapy
    • Staphage lysate
  • Avoid steroids if possible
41
Q

Describe subcutaneous abscesses

A
  • result of trauma/wounds/foreign bodies
  • common in male cats
    • Pasteurella multocida
  • establish drainage
  • systemic Abx
42
Q

What are some causes of subcutaneous abscesses in dogs?

A
  • bite wound
  • abscessed teeth
  • foreign bodies
43
Q

How do you treat subcutaneous abscesses?

A
  • drainage
  • flush
  • antibiotics
44
Q

What antibiotics should be used to treat subcutaneous abscesses in cats?

A
  • penicillin
  • amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
45
Q

What are some recurrent or refractory microbes and substances that can cause skin disease?

A
  • Actinobacillus/Actinomyces/Nocardia
  • Yersinia pestis
  • Mycobacteria spp.
  • Anaerobes**
  • Fungi
  • Foreign bodies
46
Q

Describe atypical mycobacteria

A
  • cause opportunistic infections
    • recurrent draining tracts and cellulitis
  • more common in humid, warm climates
  • cats are quite susceptible
    • absence of concurrent immunosuprressive dz
    • environmental contamination of wounds
47
Q

What is the typical clinical history of an animal with atypical mycobacterial infection?

A
  • chronic non-healing wounds
  • +/- hx of previous trauma
  • poor response to traditional abx tx
  • slowly spreading nodular dermatitis, panniculitis
  • animal is not sick, despite draining lesions
  • +/- lymphadenopathy
48
Q

Describe “Juvenile Pyoderma”/Canine Juvenile Cellulitis and Lymphadenitis/Puppy strangles

A
  • idiopathic dz
  • not a real infection
  • immune mediated response
  • rule out:
    • demodex
    • infections
49
Q

What are the clinical signs of juvenile pyoderma?

A
  • typically young puppies although it may occur in young adults
  • edema - face, lips, pinna
  • pustules
  • lymphadenopathy
  • fever
  • depression
50
Q

How do you treat juvenile pyoderma?

A
  • glucocorticoids at high doses
    • prednisone 7-10d
    • taper over 3 wks
    • relapses are possible
  • cyclosporine
  • common to also use abx to cover for secondary infections

Dermatology (13 decks)

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