bacterial structure and physiology

Question 1

bacteria in gut; large intestine

Answer 1

bacteroides

Question 2

e. ecoli and other bacteria are

Answer 2

prokaryotes

Question 3

how to hand-write bacteria name

Answer 3

• italicized
• genus letter (capitalized)
• species work (lowercase)
• written by hand = underlined

Question 4

Escherichia

Answer 4

genus

Question 5

coli

Answer 5

species

Question 6

3 domains of life

Answer 6

bacteria, archaea, eukaryota

Question 7

prokaryotes

Answer 7

bacteria + archaea

Question 8

smallest living organism

Answer 8

bacteria

Question 9

cause disease

Answer 9

pathogens

Question 10

characteristics of eukaryotic cells

Answer 10

• complex membrane-bound structures
• nucleus contains DNA
• ribosomes
• make ATP

Question 11

characteristics of prokaryotes

Answer 11

• lacking membrane-bound structures
• DNA is found in nucleoid
• structural cell wall = offers protection from environmental stressors
• smaller in size
• ribosomes
• make ATP
  = have extra extracellular structures

Question 12

examples of extra-cellular structures

Answer 12

cell wall, flagella, pili, flagella

Question 13

bacterial shape

Answer 13

morphology

Question 14

different shapes of bacteria

Answer 14

cocci, rods (bacilli), spririllum

Question 15

spherical -> small, chains, clumps

Answer 15

cocci

Question 16

linked together (square)

Answer 16

rods (bacilli)

Question 17

spiral bacteria

Answer 17

spirillum

Question 18

structure of e.coli includes (8)

Answer 18

nucleoid region
plasmids
ribosomes
cytosol
plasma membrane
cell wall
flagella
pili

Question 19

contains DNA

Answer 19

nucleoid region

Question 20

extra pieces of dna outside nucleoid region

Answer 20

plasmids

Question 21

make proteins

Answer 21

ribosomes

Question 22

fluid component, site of all metabolism

Answer 22

cytosol

Question 23

regulates entry and exits of materials; some things can get in, some can get out

Answer 23

plasma membrane

Question 24

protection

Answer 24

cell wall

Question 25

allows chromosome to be coiled for organization and compaction inside cell

Answer 25

supercoiling

Question 26

extra rings of dna outside of normal chromosomal dna - can cause virulence + antibiotic resistance, toxin production, etc

Answer 26

plasmids

Question 27

structures outside the cell wall, involved primarily with motility (movement)

Answer 27

flagella + axial filament

Question 28

outside structures involved with adherence (staying in/sticking to something)

Answer 28

glycocalyx fimbriae pili

Question 29

used only for motility - make it possible for bacteria to move from their point of origin to other places in the body

Answer 29

flagella

Question 30

parts of flagella (3)

Answer 30

filament hook basaal body

Question 31

flagellin protein forms twisted helical chain; helps move faster in a whip-like motion

Answer 31

filament

Question 32

links filaments to basal body

Answer 32

hook

Question 33

base of flagella

Answer 33

basal body

Question 34

structures found on spirochetes - wrap around bacterial cell; confined to the space b/w plasma membrane and cell wall

Answer 34

axial filaments

Question 35

what are axial filaments used for?

Answer 35

used for motility and cause the entire organism to rotate like a corkscrew

Question 36

e. coli do not have

Answer 36

axial filaments

Question 37

corkscrew motion gives the bacterium the ability to

Answer 37

bore through tissue (staying in) - allows organisms to get into the blood and other tissues

Question 38

sticky substance composed of polypeptides, polysaccharides, or both

Answer 38

glycocalyx

Question 39

where is glycocalyx produced

Answer 39

cytoplasm --> secreted to outer part of cell wall

Question 40

what is glycocalyx used for

Answer 40

provides protective element against environmental stress - used for nutrition

Question 41

loosely attached to the wall (glycocalyx) --> one or the other

Answer 41

slime layer

Question 42

tightly adhered to the wall (glycocalyx) --> one or another

Answer 42

capsule

Question 43

sticky projections, involved in adherence and transferring genetic info

Answer 43

pilus

Question 44

multiple hair-like projections involved in adherence

Answer 44

fimbriae

Question 45

gram-negative bacteria

Answer 45

spirochetes

Question 46

characteristics of pili and fimbriae

Answer 46

- shorter than flagella - gram-negative organisms - pilin proteins

Question 47

e.coli have both

Answer 47

fimbriae and pili

Question 48

clinical significance of fimbriae

Answer 48

only used for adherence, in urinary and intestinal tracts

Question 49

clinical significance of pili

Answer 49

- give bacteria motility through 1) twitching/gliding movements 2) through extension and retraction of pili - involved in development of biofilms - aid in transfer of genetic material from 1 cell to another - transfer genes for antibiotic resistance

Question 50

collections of bacteria within protein/cell matrix

Answer 50

biofilms