Bacterial Structure, Genetics, and Metabolism Flashcards by JEUEL DYLAN DINSAY

What are the metabolic processes?

Fueling
Biosynthesis
Polymerization
Assembly

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A metabolic product of metabolic reactions

Glucose

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building blocks made from biosynthetic reactions

Fatty acids
Sugars
Amino acids
Nucleotides

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Macromolecules that are a result of Polymerization

Lipid
Lipopolysaccharide
Glycogen
Murein
Protein
RNA
DNA

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Macromolecule assembled structures

Inclusions
Envelope
Flagella
Pili
Cytosol
Polyribosomes
Nucleoid

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Utilization of metabolic pathways involved in Acquisition of nutrients from the environment, Production of precursor metabolites, and Energy production

Fueling

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Involved in the production of precursor metabolites

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway or EMP (Glycolysis)
Tri-carboxylic Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle)

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Nutritional Requirements for Bacterial Metabolism

Carbon
Nitrogen
Water
ATP (energy)
Inorganic Compounds

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Carbon is taken up differently on classification; for an AUTOTROPH they take up?

Carbon Dioxide

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Carbon is taken up differently on classification; for an HETEROTROPH they take up?

Organic compounds

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Organisms that require additional nutrients to grow

Fastidious Organisms

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Fastidious Organism that require Salt

Vibrio spp.

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Fastidious Organism that require (X Factor) and NAD (V Factor)

Haemophilus spp.

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Fastidious Organism that require Cytsteine

Legionella pneumophilia

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What precursor metabolite does this describe?

glycogen, Enter PPP to form ribose-5-phosphate

Glucose 6-phosphate

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What precursor metabolite does this describe?

Enter PPP to form Ribose-5-phosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

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What precursor metabolite does this describe?

NAD Production, Re-enter glycolysis

Ribose-5-phosphate

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What precursor metabolite does this describe?

aromatic amino acids

Erythrose 4-phosphate (from Ribose-5-Phosphate)

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What precursor metabolite does this describe?

Ribulose-5-phosphate, Serine

3-Phosphoglycerate

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What precursor metabolite does this describe?

enter TCA

Pyruvate

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What precursor metabolite does this describe?

source of Energy in Phosphotransferase System

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

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Precursor Metabolites produced from EMP

Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Ribose-5-phosphate
Erythrose 4-phosphate (from Ribose-5-Phosphate)
3-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Pyruvate

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Precursor Metabolites produced from TCA

Acetyl CoA
a-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl CoA
Oxaloacetate

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What precursor metabolite does this describe?

Fatty Acids

Acetyl CoA

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What precursor metabolite does this describe? Nitrogen transporter, Transamination (Ammonium + Glutamate)

a-Ketoglutarate

What precursor metabolite does this describe? Ketone Formation

Succinyl CoA

What precursor metabolite does this describe? Fatty Acids, Aspartate, Enters Glyoxylate Cycle

Oxaloacetate

How Energy Production may take place?

Substrate Phosphorylation from EMP & TCA Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport) Fermentation of Pyruvate

What is converted in Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport)

Conversion of NADH/NADPH/FADH2 and Oxygen to ATP

What happens in the Fermentation of Pyruvate

Ethanol Production or Lactic Acid Production Acetoin Production Mixed-Acid Fermentation (Lactic Acid, Ethanol, Formic Acid, Acetic Acid)

Involves anabolic reactions that utilize precursor products in dozens of pathways to produce building blocks

Biosynthesis

Involves anabolic reactions that bring together the building blocks to form macromolecules which ASSEMBLE to form the different cellular structures

Polymerization

Nucleic Acids are polymers consisting of long chains of monomers called

Nucleotides.

Nucleotide units consist of a Nitrogen heterocyclic base, a pentose sugar, and a __________ residue.

Phosphate

are derivatives of pyrimidine and purine bases.

Nucleotide Bases

Properties of Nucleotide Bases

Aromatic Strongly absorbs UV Light Exhibits keto-enol tautomerism

are nucleotide bases bound to a pentose sugar by N-glycosidic bond

Nucleoside

a nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups covalently bound (ester bond) to the 3’- or 5’-position of the pentose.

Nucleotide

Bonds between bases on opposite chains determine the alignment of the helix, with the paired bases lying in planes perpendicular to the helix axis.

Hydrogen Bonds

The chains of Nucleic acids run in antiparallel directions, one 3' to 5' and the other 5' to 3 TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

This cell has circular DNA

Prokaryotic

This cell has linear DNA

Eukaryotic

Each subunit (segment of the DNA wrapped in a histone) is a beadlike structure called

Nucleosome

Bacterial structure has a cell architecture that follows that of a Prokaryotic cell’s design TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Mode of reproduction by bacteria and prokaryotes

Binary fission

Site of Energy Production by Prokaryotes

Cytoplasmic Membrane

Site of Energy Production by Eukaryotes

Mitochondria

Match this Ribosome unit with it corresponding type of cell 70S

Prokaryotes

Match this Ribosome unit with it corresponding type of cell 80S

Eukaryotes

Though prokaryotes do have cell walls, what are the two prokaryotes that have this structure absent?

Mycoplasma Ureaplasma

Part of the cell that determines gram reaction

Cell envelope

Special gate channels involved in antibiotic resistance mechanism

Porins

are bridges between structures an ENCHANCER that enhance the binding of crystal violet to cell wall

Mordants like Iodine

Stain that Attaches primarily to the peptidoglycan - for gram positive. For gram negative it binds to the outer layer.

Crystal Violet

compounds that dissolve the macromolecule lipids in the outer membrane together with crystal violet

Alcoholic compounds like ethanol

Most crucial step in gram staining

Decolorization using alcohol

Stain used to visualize gram-negative bacteria

Safranin O

Bacteria that stains purple

Gram +

Bacteria that stains pink

Gram -

may not stain properly in the staining procedure due to the presence of mycolic acid

Acid Fast Bacteria

They are hydrophobic and WEAKLY gram +

Acid Fast Bacteria

Contains Lipoarabinomannan and Phosphatidyl Mannosides along with Mycolic Acid

Acid Fast Bacteria

restricts antibiotics and toxins from entering bacteria cell and responsible for the serotyping of bacteria

O Antigen or O specific polysaccharide

Folded areas of cell membrane and site of enzymatic activity necessary for energy production

Mesosomes

Point of attachment of a nucleoid

Mesosomes

also called K antigen, cell coat, Pericellular matrix

Glycocalyx

Viewed by negative staining in India Ink or Hiss stain, which stains it white

Capsule (Glycocalyx)

➢ Similar to capsule but diffused ➢ May adhere to prosthetic implants and form biofilms ➢ Loose and flowing

Slime Layer

➢ Aggregates of microorganisms housed in a complex polysaccharide matrix ➢ Cohesive and adheres to surfaces

Biofilms

Cellular appendage for conjugation or genetic material transfer

Sex Pili

Responsible for locomotion

Flagellum

Type of flagellar arrangement that has no flagella

Atrichous

Type of flagellar arrangement that has a flagellum on one side only

Monotrichous

Type of flagellar arrangement that has 2 flagellum 1 at both ends.

Amphitrichous

Type of flagellar arrangement that is surrounded by flagella

Peritrichous

Type of flagellar arrangement that has a lot of flagellum at one side

Cephalotrichous

Type of flagellar arrangement that has many flagellum at both sides

Lophotrichous

Site of protein synthesis in bacteria and contains granular polysomes

Cytoplasm or Cytosol

❖ Small, Resting, Inactive (Dormant) ❖ Asexual Spores ❖ Highly Resistant to Unfavorable Condition

Endospores

Endospores are visualized using this technique

Schaeffer-Fulton Technique

Functions as nutrient storage

Inclusion bodies

Lipid rich inclusion bodies

Much’s granules

Inclusion bodies that are metachromatic bodies (also known as Volutin granules) made of polyphosphates

Babes-Ernst granules

Inclusion bodies that store Glycogen

Halberstaedter-Prowazeck Bodies

Classify these granules/inclusion bodies with their corresponding organism Much’s granules

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Classify these granules/inclusion bodies with their corresponding organism Babes-Ernst granules metachromatic bodies (also known as Volutin granules) made of polyphosphates

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Classify these granules/inclusion bodies with their corresponding organism Halberstaedter-Prowazeck Bodies-Glycogen

Chlamydia trachomatis

What kind of cell do these describe? - Do not have membrane bound organelles - Does not have a true nucleus - Density of ribosomes is 70S (Svedberg units), and this ribosome can be broken down to 50S and 30S. - Ribosome subunits play a critical role in the transcription and translation of the Central dogma - Has Circular DNA - Contains Extrachromosomal DNA

Prokaryotic cell

DNA that has no physiological significance in the cellular architecture of Bacteria), therefore it exists as an independent structure. Ex. Plasmids

Extrachromosomal DNA note: extra meaning that the bacteria do not die upon removal of extrachromosomal DNA

Cell that lacks mitochondria

Prokaryotic cell

All prokaryotes have cell walls? TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma are eubacteria that do NOT possess a cell wall

Cell that reproduces via Binary fission

Prokaryotic cell

Bacteria that only has proteins in its cell wall and the absence of peptidoglycans

Archaea

also known as TRUE bacteria

Eubacteria

They are Eukaryotic and Unicellular

Protozoans

They are Eukaryotic and Multicellular

Metazoans (worms)

Possess a cell wall like plants and bacteria, and they are also Filamentous

Fungi

They are Acellular nucleic acid

Virus

They are Acellular protein

Prions

Length of Bacterial cell

Range from 1um to 3um in length

Round shaped bacterial cell

Cocci

Rod shaped bacterial cell

Bacilli

Spiral or Helical shaped bacterial cell

Spirilla

Consists of the membrane and structures surrounding the cytoplasm Maintains selective permeability and cell shape

Bacterial Cell envelope

Part of the bacterial cell envelope of Gram- bacteria that mimics the cell membrane

Outer membrane

Also called a capsule

Glycocalyx

Determines the Gram Staining characteristic of Bacteria

Cell Envelope

Gram+ or Gram-? Purple Stained

Gram+

Gram+ or Gram-? Pink stained

Gram-

Gram+ or Gram-? No outer membrane

Gram+

Gram+ or Gram-? Presence of outer membrane

Gram-

Gram+ or Gram-? Thick Cell Wall with more affinity to Crystal Violet stain

Gram+

Gram+ or Gram-? Thinner Cell Wall (maybe even a single layer) due to the presence of the Outer Membrane, therefore allowing Safranin O to stain it

Gram-

Order the Gram Staining procedure 1. Apply a Mordant like Iodine that enhances the binding of Crystal Violet to the cell wall 3. Apply Crystal Violet the Primary stain binding to cell wall in Gram+ and Outer membrane in Gram- 2. Apply a counter stain like Safranin O, which then binds to the thin cell wall of Gram- bacteria to produce the pinkish color since the outer membrane is no longer present 4. Decolorize by adding the alcoholic compound Ethanol to dissolve the lipids in the outer membrane together with the binded Crystal Violet

2-->1-->4-->3

are bridges between structures, it is an ENCHANCER that enhance the binding of crystal violet to cell wall

Mordants

they dissolve the macromolecule lipids in the outer membrane together with crystal violet

Alcoholic compounds

A bi-layered structure composed of lipopolysaccharide important in the virulence of Gram- bacteria

Outer Membrane

Special gate channels (Porin Channels) may be found where?

Outer Membrane

are important in antimicrobial resistance like in Pseudomonas that has an abundance of these channels

Porin channels

Composed of 3 important domains  O-specific polysaccharide  Core polysaccharide  Lipid A

Lipopolysaccharide

What domain of Lipopolysaccharide is this?  Also known as the O antigen, which is responsible for serotypes that vary among Gram- organisms  Restricts antibiotics and toxins from entering bacterial cell  Absent in some Gram- bacteria

O-specific polysaccharide

What domain of Lipopolysaccharide is this?  Bridge between the other 2 domains  Built from monosaccharides arranged in linear and branched structures

Core Polysaccharide

What domain of Lipopolysaccharide is this?  Most important domain  Contains Endotoxin that causes fever and shock  Too much Endotoxin will activate coagulation proteins resulting in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC)  The structure is located within or more internally than the O antigen, hence it is not commonly used for serotyping unlike the exposed O antigen

Lipid A

A shorter chain or the loss of the O-specific polysaccharide or O antigen creates a what?

Lipo-oligosaccharide

A layer composed of peptidoglycans

Cell wall or Murein Layer/Peptidoglycan Layer

Consisting of glycans and short peptides that cross link with each other to form a mesh or lattice

Peptidoglycans

Alternating series of Glycans (N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) ) that carry short peptides

Peptidoglycans

The glycan which carries short peptides

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

are responsible for cross linking with peptidoglycan sheets

Short peptide chains

The NAD carried oligopeptide crosslinks with other NAM of other peptidoglycan chains (cross linked peptidoglycan chains forms the peptidoglycan layer) TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE The oligopeptide is carried by NAM not NAD

What structure is this in the cell wall of Gram+ bacteria?  It is before the peptidoglycan chain  It is attached to the cell wall (peptidoglycan) binded via Anionic polymers

Wall Teichoic Acid

Attracts Cations the confer flexibility of the cell wall

Anionic Polymers

The anionic nature of Wall Teichoic Acid modulates susceptibility to cationic antibiotics TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

What does this describe?  Structure that runs perpendicular to peptidoglycan sheets  Linear polymers of polyglycerol or polyributol with phosphates and a few amino acids and sugars

Teichoic acid

What does this describe?  Mimics NAM and NAD  Has a Glycerol-3- Phosphate units (GroP) in the outermost section  N-Acetylmannosamine (ManNAc)  N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate (GlcNAc)

Disaccharide linkage unit

responsible for binding the wall teichoic acid to the peptidoglycan layer via a phosphodiester bond to the C6 hydroxyl of NAM in the peptidoglycan

The 1 phosphate group in N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate (GlcNAc)

How Energy Production is achieved in Fueling of Bacterial Metabolism

via substrate level phophorylation

the only phosphate that does not enter PPP THIS IS THE END PRODUCT OF EMP

Ribose-5-phosphate

Precursor metabolites play a role in Biosynthesis TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Associated with beta oxidation

Fatty Acids

is when electrons become ATP, which is found in aerobes

Oxidatives

The phase in the Bacterial growth curve where bacteria prepares to divide

Lag phase

The phase in the Bacterial growth curve where active division occurs and is the most susceptible phase of bacteria to antibiotics and disinfectants

Log phase

What does this describe?  Attached to your bacterial cell membrane which is a lipid bilayer  It is similar to Endotoxins found in Gram- bacteria

LIPOTEICHOIC ACID

Act as surface antigens to differentiate bacterial serotypes (Highly Immunogenic)

LIPOTEICHOIC ACID

Consists of a polyglycerolphosphate (PGP) chain tethered to the bacterial cell membrane phospholipids via the glycolipid anchor

LIPOTEICHOIC ACID

Induces septic shock similar to Lipid A found in Gram- bacteria therefore stimulating the immune system

LIPOTEICHOIC ACID

This is the cell wall of what Gram Bacteria?  Single layer of peptidoglycan  Relies on the outer membrane for further protection  Has a periplasmic space (periplasm)

GRAM NEGATIVE

Contain Mycolic Acids which make gram-staining difficult

ACID FAST CELL WALL

 Visualized by Acid Fast Stain  Hydrophobic, Difficult to stain with Gram stain because of its complex structure  Has a waxy layer attached to the cell wall (Mycolic Acid

ACID FAST CELL WALL

Lipoarabinomannan and Phosphatidyl Mannosides transverse the cytoplasm TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE they transverse the cell membrane

Acid Fast Baciili are Weakly Gram-Positive as sometimes it may stain purple TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

the Mycolic acid present in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is responsible for conferring the serpentine like appearance of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis under the microscope

Trehalose 6,6’-dimycolate (cord factor)

 Found only in Gram- bacteria  It is located in the space between peptidoglycan and the bacterial cell membrane

Periplasmic Space

The Periplasmic Space is the prokaryote counterpart of the Endoplasmic Reticulum TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

 Also called the Pericellular Matrix/Cell coat/K antigen  Gel-like envelope surrounding the bacterial cell

GLYCOCALYX

The Glycocalyx is often seen as a capsule TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

is an aggregate of microorganisms housed in a complex polysaccharide matrix that you can see with the naked eye. It is cohesive and adheres to surfaces like prosthetic implants

Biofilm

What structure is being described?  Highly organized matrix  Prevents Phagocytosis (Antiphagocytic)  Stains halo white  Barrier to hydrophobic compounds  It is removed by boiling to expose its surface antigens  Visualized using a negative staining technique

Capsule

Also called an unorganized capsule

The Slime Layer

Inhibits phagocytosis or aid in the adherence to host tissue or synthetic implants, because of its unorganized and fluid structure

The Slime Layer

Example of bacteria that form a Polysaccharide slime layer

Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus mutans

 Site of energy production  Composed of Phospholipid, Proteins

Cell Membrane

Unlike the cell membrane of other bacteria they have sterols in their composition

Mycoplasma

What structure is being described?  Folded areas of the cell membrane  Extensions of cell membrane  Site of enzymatic activity

Mesosomes

the Cell Envelope encompasses the Periplasmic Space, Glycocalyx, and the Cell Membrane TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

 Gel like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases  Site of protein synthesis  Location of nucleoid, Ribosomes, Inclusion bodies, Granules, Gene structures, and Endospores

Cytoplasm

Bacterial ribosome has a density of 70 Svedberg units TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

The target for a family of antibiotics (Macrolytes like azithromycin and erythromycin) and the point of attachment of tRNA

The 50S subunit

The target for a family of antibiotics (Tetracyclines and Doxycyclines) and the point of attachment of mRNA

The 30S subunit

What structure is this?  Where DNA coil  Bacterial chromosome  Attached to the mesosome  Consist of highly coiled DNA intermixed with RNA, polyamines, and various proteins that lend structural support

Nucleoid

carries amino acids to form peptide chains

tRNA

dictates the sequence of amino acids in peptide chains

mRNA

are used in the prophylaxis of leptospirosis

Doxycyclines

 Not found in all bacteria  Seen on some Gram+ Bacteria like  Bacillus and Clostridium

Endospores

Bacillus and Clostridium are Endospores TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

is when bacteria becomes dormant and is resistant to environmental conditions

Sporulation

are formed when bacteria encounter harsh environments (Unfavorable) or when the environment is scarce of nutritional requirement for its growth

Spores

Visualized using Schaeffer-Fulton Technique

Endospores

It is responsible for locomotion and is also called the H antigen

Flagella

What pili is this?  Not involved in locomotion  For attachment to host  Short

Common Pili/Fimbriae

What pili is this?  For conjugation (gene transfer)  Long (bridge for gene transfer)  Only present in Bacteria that express F-Factor

Sex Pili

is present in both Gram+ bacteria and Gram- bacteria?

Peptidoglycan

is present in both Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Cell Membrane

The entirety of the organism’s genes organized into chromosomes

Genome

Segment of DNA that acts as functional and physical unit of inheritance

Gene

The key difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar backbone. DNA has deoxyribose, while RNA has ribose instead TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

The difference of DNA and RNA is in their nucleotide bases. DNA has Uracil, but RNA has Thymine TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE DNA has thymine, but RNA has uracil

Has a 5’ end and a 3’ end

Nucleic Acid Strand

The 3’ end possesses the exposed free phosphate group TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE 5’ end possesses the exposed free phosphate group

The 3’ end is simply an oxygen molecule, which therefore does NOT possess the phosphate group TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Purines (T,U,C) pair with its corresponding pyrimidine (A,G) TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE Purines (A,G) pair with its corresponding pyrimidine (T,U,C)

are nucleotide bases containing a sugar (ribose and deoxyribose)

Nucleoside

These are examples of?  Adenine + Sugar = Adenosine  Guanine + Sugar = Guanosine  Cytosine + Sugar = Cytidine  Thymine + Sugar = Thymidine  Uracil + Sugar = Uradine

Nucleosides

Deoxyribose molecules contain an extra hydroxyl group, while Ribose lost its extra hydroxyl group (loss of oxygen) TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE Ribose molecules contain an extra hydroxyl group, while deoxyribose lost its extra hydroxyl group (loss of oxygen)

are a Nucleoside containing a phosphate group

Nucleotide

The number of phosphate groups vary TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE 1 – Monophosphate 2 – Diphosphate 3 – Triphosphate

Single Supercoiled circular dsDNA or double stranded DNA (double helix)

Bacterial Chromosome

Contains information for cell growth and replication located in the Nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Remove it and the bacteria will not survive

Bacterial Chromosome

What is being described?  The umbrella term for extra-chromosomal elements  Genetic elements that can move within a genome and/or between different genomes

Mobilomes

Transposons and plasmids are examples of mobilomes TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

BACTERIA CANNOT SURVIVE WITHOUT THE BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

is not attached to the Bacterial Chromosome removing the plasmid will not cause the cell to die, hence it is Extrachromosomal.

Plasmid

usually encode for antimicrobial resistance genes NOT cell growth and replication

Plasmid

What is being described?  Nonchromosomal circular dsDNA  They autonomously replicate independently from the chromosome

Plasmids

Plasmids are Episomes TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Genetic material that replicates on its own

Episomes

they are already resistant due to their abundant Porin channels, and are only strengthened by interactions with other plasmids

Pseudomonas

Plasmids are not necessary for viability TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE They are not involved in translation of necessary macromolecules

Segments of DNA and unlike full sequence plasmids these are only segments.

Transposons/Jumping genes

Can incorporate pieces of DNA segments directly into the chromosome between microorganisms even if no homology exists, though they need an enzyme to replicate

Transposons/Jumping genes

These are characteristics of?  A wider Host range is developed due to their ability to jump between genes not even belonging to the same family  In comparison to Plasmids, that have a tendency to filter or choose where they jump to

Transposons/Jumping genes

Propagation of TRANSPOSONS depends on their physical integration with a bacterial replicon TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE Achieved via the enzyme Transposase that integrates transposons to its target chromosome

Transposons are not Episomes as they need an enzyme to replicate and CANNOT do it by themselves TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Desrcibe this process  Simply the synthesis of a new DNA strand  For prokaryotes replication only occurs after activation or identifying the origin of replication

Replication

ORDER THESE STEPS B. The molecule responsible for doing this is DNA- A Protein, which recognizes specific sequences in the Bacterial Chromosome therefore activating them A. The now activated origin of replication is now responsible for recruiting helicase C. Helicase will unwind the DNA bidirectionally and separate the strands until the terminus to form replication forks

B,A,C

is the primary enzyme for replication

DNA Polymerase III

DNA Polymerase III can generate nucleotide sequences from an empty space TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE DNA Polymerase III CANNOT generate nucleotide sequences from an empty space

The enzyme that must generate an RNA primer that will serve as the starting point for DNA Polymerase III

Primase

RNA Primers always start at the 3’ end, because DNA Polymerase III can only catalyze reactions on free Phosphate groups of the 5’ end TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

It carries DNA Polymerase III to the free phosphate group of the 5' end

Sliding clamp

The strand when DNA Polymerase synthesizes in a continuous manner and is not interrupted

Leading strand

The strand when DNA Polymerase attaches here instead the Okazaki fragment will interrupt the synthesis leading to recruiting another RNA Primer to be made and the process starts again

Lagging strand

Later on the replication stage of the lagging strand the RNA Primer is removed leading to another space for DNA Polymerase III to occupy, which then causes discontinuous synthesis leading to Okazaki Fragments TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

If a Leading strand is synthesized from a 3'-5' template strand what direction will it run after being synthesized continuously by DNA Polymerase III?

To the 5'-3' direction complementary and bidirectionally to the 3'-5' template strand

The Lagging strand synthesized from the original 5'-3' template strand is synthesized discontinuously by DNA Polymerase III forming Okazaki Fragments, what direction will it run?

To the 3'-5' direction complementary and bidirectionally to the 5'-3' template strand

Synthesis and linking of new DNA strands

ELONGATION/SYNTHESIS

consists of DNA Polymerase III, Helicase, SSB’s, and primase

Replisome

bind to single stranded DNA (ssDNA) that is generated by the helicase which causes stabilization.

Single‐stranded DNA‐binding proteins (SSB proteins)

EXCISION of RNA primers is done by what enzyme?

DNA Polymerase I

A sequence-specific binding protein that recognizes termination sequences

Tus protein

joins the ends of the DNA fragments together

DNA Ligase

RNA Primer is replaced with deoxyribonucleotide by what enzyme?

DNA Polymerase I

Synthesis of mRNA 5’-3’ direction

Transcription

Type of RNA that is the bridge that aids in gene expression

mRNA

Classify if the strand is coding or non coding Synthesis of mRNA 5’-3’ direction

coding strand/sense strand

Classify if the strand is coding or non coding 3’-5’ Template Strand of mRNA

Non-coding Strand/Antisense Strand

Synthesis of polypeptides from mRNA

Translation

The mRNA inserts itself into the Ribosomes through what subunit?

30S Subunit

The counterpart amino acid of codons is carried by

tRNA

The 50S subunit signals for tRNA that compliments what was read by the 30S subunit via the mRNA TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Once the amino acids grow longer they will be classified as a peptide chain, and at the end of the translation process the sequence of peptides will FOLD to form a protein’s QUATERNARY Structure TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE TERTIARY

Name the process being described  Occurs when a segment of foreign DNA combines with a homologous or identical portion of the bacterial cell’s original chromosome  Forms a partially hybrid chromosome with segments originating from both the donor and recipient

Recombination

Mechanism of gene transfer that is ORGANISM to ORGANISM

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Mechanism of gene transfer associated with Binary Fission

Vertical Gene Transfer

mechanism for gene transfer where DNA is released into the environment following cell lysis, where a Competent Bacteria then transforms the released DNA as its own

TRANSFORMATION

Microorganisms that take up the DNA released into the environment following cell lysis is called?

Competent Bacteria

Is Streptococcus pneumoniae Competent Bacteria?

YES

Is Neisseria gonorrhoeae Competent Bacteria?

YES

Haemophilus influenza is NOT Competent Bacteria TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE

mechanism for gene transfer where non-lethal bacterial virus or bacteriophage introduces its DNA into the recipient cell

Transduction

is a bacteria infecting virus

A bacteriophage

What mechanism for gene transfer does this describe?  Plasmid-mediated and involves two living cells  A bridge is formed via the sex pili between the donor and recipient to initiate DNA transfer

Conjugation

Alteration in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism’s genome (Genotype)

Mutation

Describe this mutation  No change in phenotype (visible change)  When the mutation is homologous

Silent Mutation

Describe this mutation Substitution of one amino acid

Missense Mutation

Describe this mutation A codon becomes a STOP codon

Nonsense Mutation

Bacterial Structure, Genetics, and Metabolism Flashcards

(257 cards)