Introduction to Bacteriology with History and Microbial Taxonomy Flashcards by JEUEL DYLAN DINSAY

 Study of microorganisms or microbes - a diverse group of
generally minute simple life-forms
 The field is concerned with the structure, function and
classification of microorganisms

Microbiology

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pertains to microorganisms or very small living organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye. To be able to see them, a microscope is needed for viewing. This includes bacteria

Micro

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an Italian Physician that wrote poems about sexually transmitted diseases, specifically syphilis

Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553)

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Early proponent of germ theory of disease - Infections result from tiny self - multiplying bodies that can be spread by direct or indirect contact

Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553)

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Suggested that disease were caused by “invisible creatures”

Lucretius (98-55 B.C.) and Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553)

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Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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He is considered as the “first true microbiologist”

He is the first person to observe and accurately describe living microorganisms - ”Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology”

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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Accurately described living microorganism from specimens through his self - made single high quality lens of very short focal length lens

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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He used the term ”animalcules” or the tiny living and moving cells seen under the microscope

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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 It states that life arises from non-living matters
 The theory suggests that organisms do not descend from
other organism or from a parent and only require that
certain condition in their environment be fulfilled in order
for creation to occur.

Spontaneous Generation Theory

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First posited by Aristotle

Spontaneous Generation Theory

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Spontaneous Generation Theory states that animals and plants could arise from earth and liquid because of?

vital heat within the air
air within the water
water is the earth

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 English naturalist
 Supporter of Spontaneous Generation Theory
 Observed that infusions of organic material in bottles
closed in cork stoppers developed “animalcules”

John Needham (1713-1781)

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marker of the existence of microorganisms in the broth culture medium

Turbid

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He claimed that microorganisms came from non - living matter inside the flask because he already boiled it and they know that boiling removes microorganisms

John Needham (1713-1781)

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Who’s experiment were these points brought up?

But some people said that he did not heat it enough to kill
all the microorganisms
His experiment was contested for the fact that he did not
heat the broth long enough and animalcules are heat
resistant

John Needham (1713-1781)

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Supporters of Spontaneous Generation Theory

John Needham (1713-1781)
Aristotle

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 Italian physician
 Strong opponent of Spontaneous Generation

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

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Strong opponent of Spontaneous Generation

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

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he demonstrated that maggots could not arise spontaneously from decaying meat

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

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Who performed this experiment?

He placed the fresh meat into a different jar (one jar is
open and one jar is covered)
A few days later, the open jar contained the maggots and
the one that is covered did not contain any maggots
Therefore, maggots had come from fly eggs and could not
spontaneously generate

During this experiment he proved that maggots did not come from the meat which is the non-living matter

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

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 Italian scientist
 He improved Needham’s previous experiments by heating
the broth placed in the sealed jar.

After some time, no microorganisms grew in the boiled flask

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)

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He suggested that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solutions after they were boiled

o Needham claims that air is necessary for Spontaneous
Generation
o Also, the vital heat in the air was destroyed in
his experiment

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)

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 By Louis Pasteur
 Means making new living things
 Living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells

Biogenesis

Living things came only through reproduction

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 German scientist  Father of Modern Pathology / Cellular Pathology  He challenged spontaneous generation with the concept of Biogenesis

Rudolf Virchow

 He proposed the aseptic technique  He resolved the issue on Spontaneous Generation with a series of ingenious and persuasive experiment.  He demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but air itself does not create microbe.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

- use of heat in killing microorganisms - A method used in preventing contamination by unwanted organisms

Aseptic Technique

He proposed the aseptic technique

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

 He resolved the issue on Spontaneous Generation with a series of ingenious and persuasive experiment.  He demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but air itself does not create microbe.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

These are Pasteur's contribution to what science? o He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. o He developed the vaccine against anthrax (1881) and rabies (1885) o He improved the wine-making process (fermentation and pasteurization)

Microbial Science

 Hungarian physician  He demonstrated that routine handwashing could prevent the spread of diseases

Ignaz Semmelweis (1816-1865)

What spawned from these observations? Observed two divisions: - First division - handled by student interns - Mothers developed puerperal fever - Case 1: He found out that the student interns are doing autopsies before performing the labor of mothers - Case 2: A woman died due to puerperal fever after being wounded - Second division - handled by midwives - The mothers were healthy

Semmelweis’ Thesis

This practice decreased the numbers of maternal death in the first division of the Semmelweis’ Thesis

He suggested to wash hands with solution of chlorinated lime before handling the healthy mothers

 British surgeon and a medical scientist  He introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Britain  Founder of antiseptic medicine  Pioneer in preventive medicine

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

He pioneered in promoting hygiene among surgeons:

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

Who is best know to pioneer these procedures? - handwashing before and after an operation - wearing of gloves - sterilization of surgical instruments - use of phenol as an antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressing

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

It is a based on the concept that microorganisms can cause diseases

Germ Theory of Disease

Who is best known for these achievements?  He was the first to show irrefutable proof that bacteria cause diseases.  He discovered: Bacillus anthracis (1876), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1882)  He was the first to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, meat extract and protein  He developed a culture media for observing bacterial growth isolated from the human body

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

He discovered: Bacillus anthracis

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

What postulate is described here? Using a diseased microorganism, he suspected that the agent is in the blood of the disease microorganism o Get a specimen from the disease’s microorganism o Inoculate it in a culture medium o When you get the colonies from the culture medium, inoculate it again in a healthy organism o The healthy organism should acquire the same infection as the disease, and it will die o Get specimen from the infected inoculated infected organism o Isolate the same organism from the inoculated organism

Koch’s Postulates Which concluded that microorganisms can cause disease

 British physician  He introduced the concept of vaccination

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

Assumed that the VARIOLATION from the cowpox can cause immunization with smallpox

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

Edward Jenner inoculated him by applying a fresh cowpox lesion from Sarah Nelms

James Phipps the 8 year old son of a gardener Where he was able to develop immunization against smallpox coming from cowpox

alive pathogen but with reduced virulence

Attenuated

They made a series of experiments to produce an attenuated strains of bacteria

Louis Pasteur (1882-1895) and Pierre Paul Emile Roux (1853- 1933)

He discovered the streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics

Selman Waksman (1888-1973)

He accidentally discovered the antibiotic penicillin. AKA Penicillium notatum - a fungi

Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)

He discovered salvarsan. AKA arsphenamine, which is used for the treatment of syphilis

Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)

Is the science that deals with microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms

Microbiology

One that benefits all of the contributing parties Ex. Lichens – consist of a fungus and a phototropic partner either an alga or cyanobacteria

Mutualism

A continuing association of different organisms.

Symbiosis

Operates primarily to the benefit of one party. Relationship in which a host provides the primary benefit to the parasite or the parasite is mainly benefiting from the host and the host may experience harm

Parasitism

The host is left unharmed but the other party is benefiting

Commensalism

Two major categories of microbes

o Acellular microbes (infectious particles) o Cellular microbes (microorganisms)

Smallest infectious particles

VIROIDS

 Mostly resistant infectious particles  Cannot be easily destroyed

PRIONS

Do not have organelles or nucleus but have RNA and DNA

VIRUSES

What type of cellular microbes are these? Archaea Bacteria Cyanobacteria

Prokaryotes

What type of cellular microbes are these? Algae Protozoa Fungi Slime Molds

Eukaryotes

Has a ribosome density of 70S (50S + 30S)

Prokaryotes

Has a ribosome density of 80S (60S + 40S)

Eukaryotes

 Organisms in which DNA is NOT physically separated from cytoplasm  Do NOT have a membrane – bound organelles

Prokaryotes

Organisms containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

Eukaryotes

 Single-celled organisms without a membrane bound nucleus  Have variety of shapes including spheres, rods, and spirals.  Individual cells generally range in width from 0.5 to 5 micrometers

Bacteria

 Eukaryotic microbes  Kingdom Protista – collectively they are called protists (together with protozoa)  Photosynthetic, eukaryotic organism

Algae

Study of Algae

Phycology

What might these describe? o Important source of food, iodine and other minerals o Fertilizers o Emulsifiers for pudding o Stabilizers for ice cream and salad dressings o Gelling agent (solidifying agent) for jams and nutrient or culture media for bacterial growth

Algae

solidifying agent in laboratory culture media

Red marine algae

is an algae that can cause very rare human infections (causing a disease known as protothecosis) which is breakage in the skin of a person. This algae lives in soil and can enter wounds on the feet

Prototheca

is a substance secreted by other genera of Algae. It is poisonous to humans, fish, and other animals.

Phycotoxins

What might these describe?  Eukaryotic organisms  Found everywhere on earth; some are sacrophytic others are parasitic  “garbage disposers” of nature – the “vultures” of the microbial world  Nonphotosynthetic  Cell walls contain a polysaccharide – chitin

Fungi

fungi that do not cause disease

saprophytic fungi

This is found in? Grow as filaments called hyphae (intertwined to for a mass called mycelium or mycelia)

Fungi

Yeast are unicellular, moulds are multicellular TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

What microorganism does this best describe?  Non-photosynthetic organism  Single-celled, eukaryotic microorganisms

Protozoa

A Motile, feeding, dividing stage Protozoa

Trophozoite Giardia lamblia

A Nonmotile (do not have flagella), dormant, survival stage Protozoa

Cyst

Move by means of cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia

Amoebaes

move by means of large numbers of hair - like cilia of their surfaces

Ciliates

Most complex protozoa

Ciliates

is an example of ciliate that causes dysentery in underdeveloped country; only ciliated protozoan that can cause disease to humans

Balantidium coli

The basal body (kinetosome or kinetoplast) of this classification anchors each flagellum within the cytoplasm

Flagellates

functions for protection (they do NOT have cell walls

Pellicles

primitive mouth or opening (some parasites have cytostomes and some do not have)

Cytostomes

Considered on the borderline of living organisms

Viruses

Not all viruses are obligates TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE All viruses are obligate parasites

Define Obligate Virus

it needs a host to live and cause a disease.

What does this describe?  Smaller than viruses  Simplest infectious agents  Obligate parasites; self-perpetuating proteins  Can cause disease

PRIONS

Consist of a fungus and phototropic partner either an alga or cyanobacteria

Lichens

called true (plasmoidal) slime molds

Myxomycota

they are the cellular slime molds

Dictyosteliomycota

Both were formerly classified as fungi but are now considered protists

Myxomycota and Dictyosteliomycota

Often found on old, well-rotted logs because there they can find the moisture and bacteria required for survival.

Slime molds

Area of biologic science comprising of 3 distinct but highly interrelated disciplines:

Taxonomy

In Taxonomy the naming and the classification is the same worldwide TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Process by which a microorganism’s key features are delineated.

Identification

organism’s genetic makeup, including the nature organism’s genes and constituent nucleic acids.

Genotypic characteristics

based on features beyond the genetic level and include both readily observable characteristics and those that may require extensive analytic procedures to be detected.

Phenotypic characteristics

What morphology is observed here? inoculate and grow colonies after 18-24 hours

Macroscopic morphology

What morphology is observed here? gram staining or any staining technique morphology

Microscopic morphology

an example under phenotypic characteristics

Biochemical testing

The profiles of microorganisms established by various serologic and immunologic methods to determine relatedness among various microbial groups

Antigenic Properties

A method of organizing microorganisms into groups or taxa based on similar morphologic, physiologic and genetic traits

Classification

Encompasses a group of organisms that may contain multiple genera and consists of organisms with a common tribute suffix –aceae

Family

Contains different species that have several important features in common.

Genus

Most basic of the taxonomic groups and can be defined as a collection of bacterial strains that share common physiologic and genetic features and differ notably from other microbial species

Species

same species but differ phenotypically

Subspecies

same species, same genetic makeup, but different physiologic characteristics

Biotype

same species but differ serologically (serovariation)

Serovar

same species, but different subtype or genetic variant

Strain

Naming of microorganisms according to established rules and guidelines set forth in the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) or the Bacteriological Code (BC)

Nomenclature

Binomial System of Nomenclature includes?

Genus and species

In the Binomial System of Nomenclature: The first letter of the genus is capitalized TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE Genus designation - first letter is always capitalized (Staphylococcus) aureus

In the Binomial System of Nomenclature: The first letter of the species is in lower case TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE species designation - first letter is always lower case Staphylococcus (aureus)

The Binomial System of Nomenclature is printed in italics TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE Printed copies are italiscized

The Binomial System of Nomenclature is underlined in script TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE Scripted copies are underlined