Bacteriology Buzz Flashcards
(514 cards)
1
Q
Catalase positive
A
Staph aureus, Listeria, Nocardia, Pasteurella
2
Q
Coagulase positive
A
Staph aureus
3
Q
Turns Mannitol Salt Agar yellow
A
Staph aureus
4
Q
Abscesses are the hallmark of this disease
A
Staph aureus
5
Q
Preferentially colonizes the nose
A
Staph aureus
6
Q
Often transmitted via Doctor’s clothing
A
Staph aureus
7
Q
Boils
A
Staph aureus
8
Q
Osteomyelitis
A
Staph aureus
9
Q
Food poisoning
A
Staph aureus (enterotoxins)
B. cereus (fried rice and pasta)
V. cholerae (contaminated seafood)
10
Q
Scalded Skin Syndrome
A
Staph aureus (Exfoliative toxin, a protease)
11
Q
Toxic-Shock Syndrome
A
S. aureus (TSST-1)
12
Q
Endocarditis
A
S. aureus in a native valve (usually the tricuspid) Pseudomonas (tricuspid) S. epidermidis (artificial valve) Enterococcus Strep sanguinis Strep milleri
13
Q
Food poisoning associated with milk or dairy products, cream puffs, potato salad
A
Staph aureus
The enterotoxin it secretes stimulates the vagus nerve
14
Q
Protein A
A
Staph aureus
Protein A binds to the Fc receptor of IgG
15
Q
Alpha toxin
A
Staph aureus
Punches holes in membranes
16
Q
Adhesins
A
Staff aureus
S. aureus sticks to everything! ex. stitches, IV lines
17
Q
Chronic Granulomatous Disease, Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
A
S. aureus, Nocardia
18
Q
Treatment for Staph
A
Nafcillin (2 g IV every 4 hrs)
19
Q
Treatment for MRSA
A
Vancomycin
20
Q
Coagulase negative
A
S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus
21
Q
Novobiocin sensitive
A
S. epidermidis
22
Q
Novobiocin resistant
A
S. saprophyticus
23
Q
Gram positive cocci that does not ferment mannitol
A
S. epidermidis
24
Q
Endocarditis in artificial heart valve
A
S. epidermidis
25
Biofilms
S. epidermidis
26
Urease positive
S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, Nocardia, H. pylori, Yersinia enterocolitica
27
ICU patients and ventilators
S. epidermidis
28
Artificial joints
S. epidermidis
29
Treatment for S. epidermidis
Vancomycin
30
UTI's
E. coli (leading cause)
S. saprophyticus (sexually active females, usually corresponds to kids going off to college)
Enterococcus
31
Small, white, non-hemolytic colonies on sheep agar
S. epidermidis
32
Positive bile eschulin agar
Enterococcus, S. bovis
33
Grows in 6.5% NaCl solution
Enterococcus
34
Tellurite positive
E. faecalis, Cornyebacterium diptheria
35
Tellurite negative
E. faecium
36
Biliary tract infection
Enterococcus
37
Elderly patient with gallstones is at risk for...
Enterococcus
38
Patient that is post-op for biliary tract infections is at risk for...
Enterococcus
39
Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus species
E. faecium
40
Treatment for VRE
Linezolid
41
Lancefield classification is based on...
C-carbohydrate and Glycerol Teichoic Acid
42
Bacitracin sensitive
S. pyogenes
43
M protein
S. pyogenes
44
Capsule made of hyaluronic acid
S. pyogenes
45
Pharyngitis
S. pyogenes
46
Cellulitis
S. aureus
| S. pyogenes
47
Necrotizing fasciitis
S. pyogenes
48
Exotoxin associated with Scarlet Fever
SpeA
49
Exotoxin associated with Necrotizing fasciitis
Spe B
50
Scarlet Fever
S. pyogenes (SpeA)
51
Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome
S. pyogenes
52
Rheumatic Fever
S. pyogenes
Usually the mitral valve. Manifests 2 wks after tonsillopharyngitis.
JONES (Joints, myocarditis, nodules, erythema marginatum, Sydenham chorea)
53
Acute Glomerulonephritis (post-strep glomerulonephritis)
S. pyogenes
Usually seen in CHILDREN less than 7 y.o. after skin infections
'coca-cola' urine
54
Streptolysin O
S. pyogenes
55
Antistreptolysin O titer
Will tell you if you recently had a S. pyogenes infection
56
Streptokinase
S. pyogenes (converts fibrinogen to fibrin)
57
Anti-M protein antibodies
S. pyogenes
| Cause rheumatic fever
58
Strawberry Tongue
```
Scarlet fever (S. pyogenes)
Remember that Scarlet fever will have diffuse papules that look like sandpaper
```
59
Erysipelas
S. pyogenes
60
Rash that looks like "Fifth's disease," but covers the whole body
Scarlet fever caused by S. pyogenes
61
Bacitracin resistant
S. agalactiae
62
Hippurate positive
S. agalactiae
63
CAMP test positive
S. agalactiae
64
Treatment for Group A Strep
Penicillin G
65
"Arrow shaped zone of advance hemolysis when compared to s. aureus"
S. agalactiae
66
Transmission during labor and delivery
S. agalactiae
67
High risk of infection in African Americans and non-smokers
S. agalactiae
68
When do you start checking a pregnant woman for Group B strep?
35-37 wks
69
Treatment for S. agalactiae
Penicillin G intrapartum
or
Ampicillin
70
Meningitis in a patient less than 3 months old
S. agalactiae (leading cause)
71
Leading cause of neonatal sepsis in the U.S.?
S. agalactiae
72
Pneumoniae
S. pyogenes (Group A strep)
| S. pneumonia (Pneumococcus)
73
Meningitis
```
S. pneumoniae (adults)
S. agalactiae (infants)
Listeria
Borrelia burgdorferi
N. meningitides
H. influenzae
```
74
Otitis Media
S. pneumoniae (children)
| S. pyogenes (Group A strep)
75
Sinusitis
S. pneumoniae (children)
| S. pyogenes
76
Alpha-hemolytic
```
S. pneumoniae
Viridans strep (S. mutans, S. sanguinis, S. milleri)
```
77
Optochin sensitive
S. pneumoniae
78
Lower lobe consolidation of CXR
S. pneumoniae
79
On physical exam: Increased fremitus, dullness to percussion, egophony
S. pneumoniae
80
Capsule
```
S. pyogenes (made of hyaluronic acid)
S. agalactiae
S. pneumonia
B. anthracis (POLYPEPTIDE) Only one that is made of protein
Pasteurella
Franciscella
N. meningitidis
```
81
Productive cough with bloody sputum
S. pneumoniae
82
Gram positive cocci in pairs
S. pneumoniae
83
Lancet shaped
S. pneumoniae
84
Pneumolysin
S. pneumoniae
85
Treatment for S. pneumoniae
Ceftriaxone, Penicillin G
86
IgA protease
S. pneumoniae
87
Increased risk in sickle cell population
S. pneumoniae
88
Optochin Resistant
Viridans Strep
89
Cavities
S. mutans
90
Endospore formers
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium (anaerobe)
91
Regular Rods
Listeria monocytogenes
| Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
92
Irregular Rods
```
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Mycobacterium
Propionibacterium
Actinomyces
Nocardia asteroides
```
93
Cerulide toxin (emetic enterotoxin)
Bacillus cereus
Cerulide toxin is heat-stable and proteolysis resistant
Common in cooked rice/pasta
Toxin binds the 5-hydroxytrptamine receptor which stimulates the vagus nerve
94
Diarrheal enterotoxin
Bacillus cereus
| This toxin is destroyed by heat
95
Cereolysin
Bacillus cereus
| This is a hemolysin that punches holes in cell membranes of erythrocytes
96
Collagenase and Serine Proteinase
Bacillus cereus
These virulence factors act as spreading factors that allow bacteria to disseminate throughout tissue by degrading skin (one of the most devastating parts of this infection)
97
Fried rice and pasta dishes
Bacillus cereus
98
Watery diarrhea
Bacillus cereus
99
Toxin that functions like cholera toxin...
Diarrheal enterotoxin of bacillus cereus
100
Immuno-deficient patient with a skin lesion
B. cereus
101
Treatment of B. cereus
Vancomycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin (beta-lactams are not effective)
102
Edema factor
Bacillus cereus
103
Large gram positive rods in chains
Bacillus cereus, bacillus anthracis
104
Intracellular pathogens
Listeria monocytogenes
Rickettsia
Coxiella burnetti
105
Internalin A
Listeria monocytogenes
106
Listeriolysin O
Listeria monocytogenes
Allows Listeria to escape before lysosomal fusion. Very similar to Streptolysin in S. pyogenes, and Pneumolysin in S. pneumoniae
107
Phospholipase C
Listeria monocytogenes
108
ActA
Listeria monocytogenes
Shigella
Burkholderia pseudomallei
109
Grows well at 4 degrees celcius
Listeria
110
Refrigerated products
Listeria
111
Target population is fetuses, neonates, and immunocompromised (including pregnant women) adults
Listeria
112
Miscarriage
Listeria
113
Flagellum
Listeria
114
Tumbling motion in liquid broth
Listeria
115
Short gram positive rods
Listeria
116
Unpasteurized cheese
Listeria
117
Treatment for Listeria
Ampicillin plus gentamycin or amoxicillin or Bactrim
118
Facultative anaerobe
Listeria
119
A-subunit
Corynebacteria diptheriae
| This is the killer subunit of the diphtheria toxin. It inactivates ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2
120
Inactivation of ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2
```
Corynebacteria diptheriae (A subunit)
Pseudomonas (Exotoxin A)
```
121
B-subunit
Corynebacterium diphtheria
| This is the binding subunit. Binds to HB-EGF receptor.
122
Encoded by a lysogenic phage
Corynebacterium diptheria
123
This bug loves places with low levels of free-iron (like the human body)
Corynebacterium diptheria
124
Exudate in the throat that develops into a pseudomembrane
Corynebacterium diptheria
125
Bull neck
Corynebacterium diptheria
126
Club-shaped, pleomorphic rods (Chinese characters)
Corynebacterium diptheria
127
Metachromatic granules
Corynebacterium diptheria
128
Elek test
Corynebacterium diptheria
| The line of precipitation occurs when antibody encounters diphtheria toxin
129
Treatment for Corynebacterium diptheria
Penicillin or erythromycin
| Diptheria antitoxin is available (concerns over serum sickness)
130
How do you vaccinate for diphtheria?
DTaP (toxoid vaccine)
131
Schick Test
Cornebacterium diphtheria
Tests an individual's diphtheria toxin immunity status
No rxn= have antibodies
Rxn= get a booster shot
132
Myocarditis
Corynebacterium diphtheria
S. pyogenes
Leptospira
133
Loeffler's medium
Corynebacterium diptheria
134
Grows in non-activated macrophages
Noscardia asteroides
135
Orange, waxy, wrinkled colonies on blood agar
Noscardia asteroides
136
Partially acid fast filamentous rods
Noscardia asteroides
137
Treatment for Nocardia asteroides
Sulfonamides or amikacin
138
Obligate aerobe
Nocardia
139
Brain abscesses
Nocardia
140
OspA
Borrelia burgdorferi
| Converts plasminogen to plasmin
141
OspB
Borrelia burgdorferi
| Used in serodiagnosis
142
Ixodes tick
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme)
White footed mouse is the reservoir and the host is a deer
Ehrlichia Chaffeensis
143
Erythema Chronicum Migrans
Borrelia burgdorferi
| This is the "bull's eye" rash seen in Lyme. Seen in Stage 1
144
Arthritis
Borrelia burgdorferi
Seen in the 2nd stage of Lyme. Usually a migratory arthritis
N. gonorrhoea
145
Cardiac Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
146
Bilateral Bell's Palsy
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme)
147
Wright Stain
Borrelia burgdorferi
148
Explain the 3 stages of Lyme disease
Stage 1: 1 wk after infection. ECM
Stage 2: Wks to months. Arthritis, Cardiac block, meningitis
Stage 3: Months to years. Chronic neuro and skin problems.
149
Treatment for borrelia burgdorferi
Doxycycline
| 2nd choice: Amoxicillin
150
Variable Major Protein
Borrelia recurrentis
151
Relapsing fever
Borrelia recurrentis
152
Replicates in lice
Borrelia recurrentis
153
Borrelia hermsii (soft ticks)
Borrelia recurrentis
154
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
Borrelia recurrentis
155
Treatment for Borrelia recurrentis
Low dose Abx to prevent Jarisch-Herxheimer rxn
156
Urine
Leptospira interrogans
157
Tropics (Hawaii)
Leptospira
158
Sewage workers, inner-city kids, tri-athletes
Leptospira interrogans
159
Biphasic disease
Leptospira
160
Weil's syndrome
Leptospira interrogans
| Seen in the convalescent stage of the disease when it spreads to the liver and kidneys
161
Spiking fever that went away and returned with liver and kidney problems
Leptospira interrogans
| Liver and kidney part is Weil's syndrome
162
Conjuctival suffusion
Leptospira interrogans
163
Microscopic Agglutination Test
Leptospira interrogans
164
Treatment of Leptospira
Doxycycline, penicillin, fluoroquinolone
165
rOmpA
Rickettsia rickettsi
| Serves as an adhesin
166
Phospholipase
```
Rickettsia rickettsi (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever)
Mediates internalization
```
167
Southern and Eastern United States
Rickettsia rickettsi
168
Dermacentor dog & wood tick
Rickettsia rickettsi
169
Rash that starts on the palms and soles and spreads centrally
Rickettsia rickettsi
170
Vasculitis
Rickettsia rickettsi
171
Splenomegaly
Rickettsia rickettsi
172
Weil-Felix test
Rickettsia rickettsi
| Cross reaction with O antigen of 3 Proteus vulgaris strains
173
Treatment of Rickettsia rickettsi
Tetracycline
174
Epidemic typhus
Rickettsia prowazaki
175
Head louse is the vector
Rickettsia prowazaki
176
Flying squirrels
Rickettsia prowazaki
177
Overcrowding, poor sanitation, POW camps
Rickettsia prowazaki
178
Unique ability to remain in lymph nodes
Rickettsia prowazaki
179
Brill-Zinsser Disease
Rickettsia prowazaki
| 50 yr old flare up of the lymph nodes
180
Treatment for Rickettsia prowazaki
Tetracycline
181
Rash that starts centrally and spreads out toward the extremities
Rickettsia prowazaki
182
Placenta of barn animals
Coxiella burnetti
183
Inhalation of soil grazed by barn animals
Coxiella burnetti
184
Atypical Pneumonia (pneumonia with no cough)
Coxiella burnetti
185
Chronic Endocarditis
Coxiella burnetti
186
Hepatitis
Coxiella burnetti
187
Treatment for Coxiella Burnetti
Tetracycline
188
Cat bites and scratches
Bartonella henselae
189
Lymphadenopathy that is not hemorrhagic
Bartonella henselae
| Compare this to Y. pestis
190
Bacillary Angiomatosis
Bartonella henselae
Seen in the immunocompromised
Looks a lot like Kaposi's sarcoma
191
Warthin-Starry stain
Bartonella henselae
192
Treatment for Bartonella henselae
Erythromycin
193
Hepatic or Splenic Peliosis
Bartonella henselae
| Cystic filled lesions scattered throughout the parenchyma
194
Axillary lymphadentitis
Bartonella henselae
195
Spore
Coxiella burnetti
| Bacillus anthracis
196
Replicates inside macrophages
Coxiella burnetti
197
Leukopenia and Thrombocytopenia
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
198
Vasculitis with no rash
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
199
Treatment for Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Tetracycline
200
Vasculitis around a bite wound
Pasteurella multocida
201
Bacteria that lives in the oral flora of dogs and cats
Pasteurella multocida
202
Grows on 5% sheep's blood agar
Pasteurella multocida
203
Treatment of Pasteurella multocida
Beta-lactams
204
Polypeptide capsule made of D-glutamic acid
Bacillus anthracis
This capsule is the ONLY ONE made with PROTEIN
It is anti-phagocytic
205
Edema Toxin
Bacillus anthracis
| stimulates adenylate cyclase
206
Lethal Toxin
Bacillus anthracis
| Induces apoptosis by cleaving MAP kinase
207
Cutaneous ulcer with a coal-black necrotic center
Bacillus anthracis
208
Whoolsorter's Disease (Inhalation Anthrax)
Bacillus anthracis
Initial symptoms are similar to the flu, symptoms improve, and then WHAM-- massive toxemia within 24 hrs of respiratory distress. Causes massive pulmonary edema and mediastinal hemorrhage. 100% fatal.
209
Chest X-Ray shows a widened mediastinum
Bacillus anthracis
210
Treatment for Bacillus anthracis
Ciprofloxacin
Raxibacumab (chances of survival are good with this)
As a side note, Antibiotics do NOT stop toxins!!
There is a vaccine for anthrax that works 93% of the time
211
pH 6 Adhesins
Yersinia pestis
212
LcrV (V antigen)
Yersinia pestis
| Essential for full expression of Yops.
213
Plasminogen Activator
Yersinia pestis
| Degrades C3b and C5a
214
Flea bites
Yersinia pestis
215
Bubonic Plague and Pneumonic Plague
Yersinia Pestis
| Pneumonic plague is the really bad one
216
Bubo
Yersinia pestis
| This is an enlarged HEMORRHAGIC lymph node (compare to Bartonella)
217
Ischemic gangrene in the distal extremities...
Yersinia pestis
218
Southwest
Yersinia pestis
219
Bipolar stain for "safety pins"
Yersinia pestis
220
Treatment for Yersinia pestis
Streptomycin
221
Handling carcasses
Francisella tularensis (Rabbit fever)
222
Ulceroglandular infection, oculoglandular, oropharyngeal
Francisella tularensis
223
Treatment for Francisella tularensis
Streptomycin
224
Acid fast rods
Mycobacterium
225
Very slow doubling time
Mycobacterium
226
Obligate aerobe
Mycobacterium
227
Lowenstein-Jensen medium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
228
Outer coating of mycolic acid on the cell wall
Mycobacterium
229
This organism must be grown in an armadillo...
M. leprae
230
TB in cows and deer...
M. bovis
231
Older white women who suppress the urge to cough (a.k.a Lady Windermere Syndrome)
M. avium-intracellulare (MAC)
| This causes a bronchilectatic lung
232
This species of Mycobacterium likes a tropical environment...
M. ulcerans
233
29x more likely in Asians
M. tuberculosis
234
Pott's disease
Caused by M. tuberculosis
235
Patients taking drugs for TB must undergo...
Direct Observational Therapy (DOT)
236
This disease used to be called "Consumption"
M. tuberculosis
237
Cough, hemoptysis, Night sweats, fever, and unintentional weight loss
M. tuberculosis
238
Scrofula (bilateral swelling of the lymph nodes)
M. tuberculosis
239
Quantiferon Gold
M. tuberculosis
240
Treatment for M. tuberculosis
```
Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinomide
Ethambutol
Streptomycin
```
241
Where would you find multi-drug resistant TB?
China, India, Russia, Eastern Europe
242
Bacillus Calmette-Gueria
BCG vaccine is a live attenuated strain of M. bovis
80% effective
Given to infants in countries with high TB rates
Not given in U.S. b/c it would eliminate PPD testing
243
Granulomatous disease that affects the cooler areas of the body including peripheral nerves
M. leprae
244
Peripheral nerves
M. leprae
245
Skin lesions that are lighter than normal skin
M. leprae
246
Skin lesions with decreased sensation
M. leprae
247
Tuberculoid leprosy
```
Few lesions
Few acid-fast bacilli
Low transmission
Cell-mediated Th1 response
+ Lepromin skin test
```
248
Lepromatous leprosy
```
Many lesions
Many acid-fast bacilli
High transmission
Reduced response. Th2 mediated
Leonine facies
"Glove and stocking" neuropathy
- Lepromin skin test
```
249
First-line treatment for M. leprae
Rifampin
Dapsone
Clofazimine (Used with the other two for Lepromatous)
250
Lasik procedure and tattoos
M. chelonae
251
Fish Tank Granuloma
M. marinum
252
Cord factor
M. tuberculosis
253
Pilli is the main virulence factor
N. gonorrhoea
254
Ferments glucose
N. gonorrhoea
255
Capsule is the main virulence factor
N. meningitides
| H. influenzae
256
Ferments maltose and glucose
N. meningitidis
257
Gram negative diplococci
Neisseria
258
Oxidase positive
Neisseria
Pasteurella
Pseudomonas
Vibrio cholerae
259
Won't grow on a Blood Agar Plate
Neisseria
260
Found in PMN's
Neisseria
261
In males: acute urethritis, prostatitis, can become septic
N. gonorrhoea
262
In women: Usually asymptomatic, but can cause a Tubo-Ovarian abscess or Ectopic Pregnancy
N. gonorrhoea
263
Thicker discharge than Chlamydia
N. gonorrhoea
264
IgA protease
N. gonorrhoea
265
Por protein, opa protein, Rmp protein
N. gonorrhoea
266
Opthalmic Infections in newborns
N. gonorrhoea
267
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
N. gonorrhea
"violin strings attached to the liver"
PID that ruptures into the peritoneum
268
Thayer-Martin VCN Agar
N. gonorrhea
| Old test
269
Chocoate agar
N. gonorrhoea
270
Treatment for N. gonorrhoea
IM Ceftriaxone (not oral) + Azithromycin (b/c a Chlamydia co-infection is assumed)
271
Sheds LPS into blebs
N. meningitidis
| Hallmark of N. meningitidis
272
Fever, headache, stiff neck, and photophobia
N. meningitidis
273
CSF Findings: Increased PMN's, decreased glucose, increased protein level, cloudy CSF
N. meningitidis
274
Waterhouse-Friedrichson Syndrome
Primary adrenal insufficiency due to adrenal hemorrhage caused by N. meningitidis
275
Capsule Serotype B causes very little immunity
N. meningitides
| Group B is a sialic acid polymer
276
Rash
N. meningitidis
277
Prophylaxis for N. meningitidis
Rifampin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone
278
What type of vaccine is the meningococcal vaccine?
Polyvalent
279
Polysaccharide capsule
N. meningitidis
280
Lipooligosaccharide
H. influenzae
281
Outer membrane protein
H. influenzae
282
What is the vaccine for H. influenza?
```
PRP vaccine (Polyribose phosphate, type b capsular polymer is the only one that has this)
Polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxin
```
283
Epiglottitis
H. influenzae
For the boards, this is the only cause of epiglottitis
Symptoms are stridor, drooling, and a cherry red epiglottis
284
Conjunctivitis
H. influenzae
285
Factor X (Heme)
H. influenzae
286
Factor V (NAD)
H. influenzae
| Needs both factors to grow on chocolate agar
287
Sickle cell and asplenic patients
H. influenzae
288
"Whooping cough"
Bordetella pertussis
289
DTaP vaccine
Consists of a killed suspension of B. pertussis mixed with purified diphtheria and tetanus toxoids
290
Stages of Whooping Cough
Stage 1: Incubation...attachment of organisms to ciliated epithelial cells
Stage 2: Catarrhal...highly infectious stage
Stage 3: Paroxysmal...uncontrollable cough with characteristic "whoop." Antibiotics no longer work
Stage 4: Convalescent...Diminished cough and lymphocyte count returns to normal but damage already done
291
Treatment for Bordatella pertussis
Azithromycin
292
Adenylate cyclase toxin
Bordatella pertussis
293
Single polar flagella
Vibrio cholerae
294
Hemagluttinin protease
Vibrio cholerae
295
Give the mechanism for Cholerae toxin
1) Toxin binds to ganglioside
2) A1 subunit ribosylates regulatory protein Gs
3) This irreversibly turns on adenyl cyclase leading to an increase in cAMP
4) Increase in cAMP leads to net ion excretion which is followed by water
296
O1 Antigen
Vibrio cholerae
297
Food poisoning from contaminated seafood
Vibrio cholerae
298
Rice-water diarrhea
Vibrio cholerae
| LOTS of diarrhea (10-15 L/day)
299
Diarrhea with no fever
Vibrio cholerae
| No fever because organism stays in the GI tract
300
Skin tenting
Vibrio cholerae
| Skin will "tent" when pinched due to severe dehydration
301
Treatment for Vibrio cholerae
Rehydration
| Antibiotics like tetracycline can be used to reduce the severity
302
Comma-shaped, gram-negative rods
Vibrio cholerae
303
Yellow colonies on TCBS agar
Vibrio cholerae
| TCBS= thiosulfate citrate bile-salts
304
Adhesins, invasins, and hemolysin
Vibrio cholerae
305
Found in most Louisiana seafood
Vibrio parahemolyticus
306
Self-limiting diarrhea that is more severe in immunocompromised patients
Vibrio parahemolyticus
307
Treatment for vibrio parahemolyticus
Rehydration
308
"Marsh Death"
Vibrio vulnificus
309
Acidic capsule, exotoxin, proteases, and siderophores
Vibrio vulnificus
310
Shrimpers, or those with an iron storage disease (hemochormotosis)
Vibrio vulnificus
311
Fish fin or hook breaks the skin
Vibrio vulnificus
312
GREEN colonies on TCBS agar
Vibrio vulnificus
| **This is different than the yellow colonies that V. cholerae grows on TCBS agar
313
Treatment for Vibrio vulnificus
Tetracyclines
| Fluoroquinolones
314
OMPs, CadF, and PEB 1
Campylobacter jejuni
315
Chickens and cows can harbor this organism
Campylobacter jejuni
| Can also be spread via animal feces
316
Drinking unpasteurized milk
Campylobacter
317
Very virulent organism that only needs 500 organisms to infect
Campylobacter jejuni
318
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Campylobacter jejuni
319
One of the major causes of infectious diarrhea in the United States
Campylobacter jejuni
| The diarrhea is often bloody
320
CAMPY blood agar
Campylobacter
321
Curved gram-negative organism
Campylobacter
322
Treatment for Campylobacter Jejuni
Azithromycin or Ciprofloxacin
| These don't really relieve the symptoms
323
Thermophilic bacteria
Campylobacter
324
Reiter Syndrome
Campylobacter
325
Pilli, urease, and VacA are virulence factors
Helicobacter pylori
326
Burning pain when the stomach is empty
Helicobacter pylori
327
Chronic infection which can lead to a MALT B-cell lymphoma
Helicobacter pylori
328
Ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
| Shigella
329
Can be measured by the production of radioactive CO2 in the breath
Helicobacter pylori
330
What is the gold standard of identifying Helicobacter pylori?
Biopsy
331
Treatment for Helicobacter pylori
Amoxicillin, tetracycline, metronidazole
| Proton-pump inhibitors
332
Mip and Icm are virulence factors
Legionella pneumophila
333
Grow in biofilms
Legionella pneumophila
| S. epidermidis
334
Air-conditioning cooling towers and stagnant water
Legionella pneumophila
335
Love to live in an amoeba
Legionella pneumophila
336
Coiling phagocytosis
Legionella pneumophilia
| The bacterium is "lassoed" by an amoeba
337
Resistant to heating and chlorine
Legionella pneumophilia
338
Prevents fusion with a lysosome, turns a lysosome into a nutrient-rich environment
Legionella pneumophilia
339
Legionnaire's Disease
Legionella pneumophilia
| Flu-like symptoms, but multi-organ disease is common especially the lungs
340
Pontine Fever
Legionella pneumophilia
| Fever and chills but no pneumonia. No mortality
341
Ribosome-studded vacuoles
Legionella pneumophilia
342
Grown on BCYE agar
Legionella pneumophilia
| Buffered charcoal yeast extract
343
Treatment for Legionella
Macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin)
344
Silver stain
Legionella pneumophilia
345
O, H, and K antigens
Enterobaciae family
O- sugars on outermost portion of LPS
H- flagellar antigens
K- Capsular antigens
346
Members of Enterbacteriaceae that cause acute diarrhea
E. coli
Shigella
Salmonella
Yersinia
347
Inflammatory diarrhea
Shigella
348
Lactose positive
E. coli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
349
Indole positive
E. coli
| Hydrolyzes tryptophan into indole
350
Makes gas when it ferments sugar
E. coli
351
Grows on MacConkey's Agar
E. coli
352
Traveler's Diarrhea
ETEC
353
Stabile Toxin and Labile Toxin
ETEC
ST: increases cGMP
LT: Works just like cholera toxin, but less potent. It stimulates adenylate cyclase
354
Which toxin is very similar to Cholelra toxin?
LT toxin of ETEC
355
Treatment for ETEC
Rehydradion
| Fluoroquinolone, Rifaximin, or Azithromycin reduces severity
356
E. coli that invades the epithelial cells of the intestine
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
357
Diarrhea starts off watery, but then you see blood and mucous in the stool
EIEC
| Shigella
358
Fever, cramps, malaise, toxemia
EIEC
359
Eating a bad hamburger
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
360
Cattle are the primary reservoir
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
361
Shiga toxin
EHEC
| Causes Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
362
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
EHEC
| Shigella
363
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure
EHEC
| These are the symptoms of acute renal syndrome
364
0157:H7
EHEC
365
Does not ferment sorbitol
EHEC
366
Modifies tRNA binding site of 60S ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis
Shiga toxin
367
TC-SMAC, Rainbow Agar
EHEC
368
Found in India
EAggEC
369
Stacks up like lego blocks
EAggEC
370
Release EAST
EAggEC
371
Binds to pedestals and has no toxins
Enteropathic E. coli (EPEC)
| Usually seen in children
372
Lactose negative
Shigella
373
No gas from fermenting sugars
Shigella
374
Non-motile
Shigella
375
Takes only a few cells to initiate infection
Shigella
376
Outbreaks tend to occur in daycare centers and homosexuals
Shigella
377
Adhere to M cells in the gut...
Shigella
378
Bacillary dysentery
Shigella
| Most severe form of Shigellosis, likely due to Shiga toxin
379
Treatment of Shigella
Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone
380
Acid stable
Shigella
381
Forms green colonies on Hektoen agar
Shigella
382
Produces hydrogen sulfide
Salmonella
| Proteus
383
Black colonies on Hektoen agar
Salmonella
384
Indole negative
Shigella
| Salmonella
385
Occurs in crops that grow on the ground (tomatoes, peppers, cilantro, onions, parsley, letteuce)
Salmonella
386
Types of S. enterica
Typhimurium (causes gastroenteritis) and Typhi (causes Typhoid fever)
387
Can disseminate hematogenously
Salmonella
| This is unlike Shigella
388
Ruffled membranes
Salmonella
389
#1 cause of osteomyelitis in patients with sickle cell disease
Salmonella
390
Treatment for Salmonella
Ciprofloxacin, oral rehydration
391
Rose spots on the abdomen, fever, headache, and diarrhea
Typhoid fever
392
Invasion of M. cells
Shigella
Salmonella
Y. enterocolitica
393
Diarrhea in children less than 5
Y. enterocolitica
394
Terminal ileitis (can mimic appendicitis)
Y. enterocolitica
395
Causes erythema nodosum in women
Y. enterocolitica
396
Treatment for Yersinia enterocolitica
Ciprofloxacin or Ceftriaxone
397
Diarrhea with arthritis
Y. enterocolitica
398
Liver abscesses in the immunocompromised
Y. enterocolitica
399
Transmitted through puppy feces
Y. enterocolitica
400
Resistant to cold temperatures
Listeria
| Yersinia enterocolitica
401
Causes the bulk of nosocomial infections
E. coli
402
Acute cystitis
E. coli
403
Increased urinary frequency, dysuria, suprapubic pain
E. coli
404
Treatment of acute cystitis
Fluoroquinolone, Sulfa-Trimethaprim
405
Pyelonephritis
E. coli
406
Fever and flank pain
E. coli
| Pyelonephritis
407
Meningitis in neonates
S. agalactiae (most common)
| E. coli (2nd leading cause)
408
K1 antigen
E. coli
| Klebsiella
409
Very thick capsule (can pull a string off of the agar)
Klebsiella
410
Pneumonia in an alcoholic whose sputum looks like red currant jelly
Klebsiella
411
Liver abscesses with a K1 strain
Klebsiella
412
Usually found in the multi-drug resistant form
Enterobacter
| Serratia
413
Produces a bright red/orange pigment called prodigiosin
Serratia
414
Produces LOTS of urease, and smells terribly
Proteus mirabilis
415
Swarming motility
Proteus mirabilis
416
Staghorn calculi
Proteus mirabilis
417
They once thought this patient had TB after looking at his chest x-ray, but now they know that he has...
Klebsiella
418
Sinus tracts may form that drain visible "sand-like" clumps resembling sulfur granules
Actinomyces
419
Treatment of Actinomyces
Wound debridement and Beta-lactam antibiotics
420
Acne
Propionibacterium
421
Treatment of propionibacterium
Benzoyl peroxide
422
The cause of intraabdominal infections
B. fragilis
423
Keystone colonizer in maintaining gut health
B. thetaiotaomicron
424
What makes an anaerobic infection smell so bad?
Capsules, LPS, enzymes
425
What causes periodontitis, halitosis, diabetic foot ulcers, decubitous ulcers, and Fourier's gangrene
Anaerobes
426
Gram + rod with terminal endospores
C. tetani
427
"Tennis racket" or "Drumstick" appearance
C. tetani
428
"Lock jaw"
C. tetani
429
Infected umbilical stump
C. tetani
| > 90% mortality rate
430
Blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and Glycine
Tetanospasmin
| C. tetani
431
How do you treat C. tetani?
Penicllin and metronidazole
432
Vaccine for C. tetani
TDaP
433
Infection does not produce an immune response
C. tetani
434
Spores in the soil enter the wound
C. tetani
435
Blocks the release of acetylcholine
C. botulinum
436
Exotoxin in food is ingested
C. botulinum
437
Irreversible binding to the motor end plate
C. botulinum
| But the binding is not permanent because of receptor turnover
438
Flaccid paralysis
C. botulinum
439
Failure to thrive and respiratory paralysis associated with honey
C. botulinum
440
Treatment of C. botulinum
Passive immunization
441
BOTOX
C. botulinum
442
H toxin is the most toxic
C. botulinum
443
Type A strains cause soft tissue infections and gastroenteritis
C. perfringens
444
Gas gangrene
C. perfringens
| Trauma causes an anaerobic environment. Can see pockets of gas on X-ray. Often seen in IV drug users.
445
Most common cause of food poisoning in the United States
C. perfringens
446
Watery diarrhea
C. diff
447
Chemoattractant for neutrophils that destroys tight junctions
Enterotoxin A
| C. diff
448
Enterotoxin A
C. diff
449
Cytotoxin B
C. diff
450
Pseudomembranous colitis
C. diff
451
Toxic megacolon
C. diff
452
How do you diagnose a C. diff infection?
Use PCR to look for the toxins
453
Treatment for C. diff
Oral Vancomycin or Metronidazole
454
Opisthotonus
C. tetani
| Arching of the back
455
An opportunist, nosocomial infection
Pseudomonas
456
Fruity odor
Pseudomonas
457
Blue-green pigment that fluoresces
Pseudomonas
458
Alginate
Pseudomonas
459
The prototype for biofilms
Pseudomonas
460
Contact lens infections
Pseudomonas
461
Colonization of an NG tube or patient on mechanical ventilator
Pseudomonas
462
Cancer, or any condition that makes you neutropenic
Pseudomonas
463
Endocarditis in an IV drug user
```
Staph aureus (most common)
Pseudomonas
Usually seen in the tricuspid valve
```
464
Ecthyma gangrenosum (black skin lesions)
Pseudomonas
465
Osteomyelitis in Diabetics and IV drug users
Pseudomonas
466
Swimmer's ear
Pseudomonas
467
Otitis externa
Pseudomonas
468
Burns
Pseudomonas
469
Hot Tub Dermatitis
Pseudomonas
470
Nail infections
Pseudomonas
471
Inactivation of ADP-ribosylation of Elongation Factor 2
Pseudomonas
472
Cystic Fibrosis
Pseudomonas
| B. cepacia
473
Proteases, pili, and phospholipase C
Pseudomonas
474
Treatment of Pseudomonas
"Double Cover"
| Extended spectrum beta-lactam+ aminoglycoside
475
SE Asia and Northern Australia
Burkholderia pseudomallei
476
Veterans that fought in the Vietnam war coming down with pneumonia
Burkholderia pseudomallei
477
"Onion skin" morphology on blood agar plate
Burkholderia pseudomallei
478
Rice paddies
Burkholderia pseudomallei
479
Whitmore's disease
Burkholderia pseudomallei
480
Melioidosis
Burkholderia pseudomallei
| Usually causes a pneumonia
481
Actin Rocket
Burkholderia pseudomallei
482
Forms multinucleated giant cells
Burkholderia pseudomallei
483
Rhamnolipids
Pseudomonas
484
A pathogen of fish and amphibians that causes diarrhea
Aeromonas hydrophilia
485
Found in ice coolers
Stentotrophomonas maltophilia
486
Obligate intracellular
Chlamydia
487
Major Outer Membrane Protein
Chlamydia
488
Elementary body
Chlamydia
| Infectious form
489
Reticulate body
Chlamydia
| Non-infectious intracellular reproductive form
490
Single inclusion
C. trachomontis
491
Multiple inclusions
C. pneumoniae
492
Eye infections
Chlamydia serovars A-C
493
Urogenital infections
Chlamydia serovars D-K
494
Trachoma
Chlamydia serovars A-C
A chronic keratoconjuntavitis
It is the leading cause of preventable blindness in developing countries
495
Most common bacterial STD in the United States
Chlamydia serovars D-K
496
In men: Presents with discharge and dysuria
Chlamydia D-K
497
Reiter syndrome
Chlamydia D-K
| Remember the HLA B-27 association
498
In women: Commonly infects the endocervix
Chlamydia D-K
| >80% are asymptomatic
499
Most common cause of neonatal conjunctivitis in the United States
Chlamydia D-K
500
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Chlamydia LGV serovar
Genital ulcer usually not seen
Most common presenting complaint is inguinal lymphadenopathy
501
Inguinal lymphadenopathy
Chlamydia LGV serovar
502
Chlamydia symptoms tend to be less abrupt in onset and have milder symptoms
Sounds good, Chris
503
What is the key anti-chlamydia cytokine?
Interferon-gamma
504
Diagnosis of Chlamydia
Giemsa stain
Iodine
Direct Immunofluorescent Stain
505
Parrott fever
Chlamydia psittaci
506
Atypical pneumonia
Chlamydia pneumonia
507
Mollicutes
Mycoplasma
508
Absence of a cell wall
Mycoplasma
509
Bacteria with the smallest genoma
Mycoplasma genitalium
510
Uses a pointed organelle to attach to host cells
Mycoplasma
511
Major adhesion protein is P1
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
512
Cold agglutinins
Mycoplasma
513
Urethritis in a man
Mycoplasma genitalium
514
Urethritis in a African-American woman with HIV
Mycoplasma genitalium
