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Bacteriology > Bacteriology L1 > Flashcards

Bacteriology L1 Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Key bacterial characteristics of bacteria

A

Ubiquitous and numerous
Beneficial> pathogenic
Very small 0.5um-5um in length
Prokaryotes= no nucleus
Unicellular organisms
Single circular chromosomes
No cytoskeleton
No histones

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2
Q

Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

No

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3
Q

Do eukaryotes have a nucleus?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Do prokaryotes have membrane bound organelles?

A

No

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5
Q

Do eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Prokaryotes size

A

Small 0.5-5 micrometers

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7
Q

Eukaryotes size

A

Larger 0.1-100 micrometers

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8
Q

Do prokaryotes have a cell wall?

A

Chemically complex

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9
Q

Do eukaryotes have a cell wall?

A

If present, chemically simple

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10
Q

Do prokaryotes have a cytoskeleton?

A

Absent

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11
Q

Do eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton?

A

Present

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12
Q

Do prokaryotes have ribosomes?

A

Small 70S

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13
Q

Do eukaryotes have ribosomes?

A

Large 80S

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14
Q

Do prokaryotes have genetic material?

A

Single, Haploid, Circular chromosomes

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15
Q

Do eukaryotes have genetic material?

A

Multiple chromosomes

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16
Q

Do prokaryotes go through cell division?

A

Binary fission

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17
Q

Do eukaryotes go through cell division?

A

Mitosis

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18
Q

Do prokaryotes sexually reproduce?

A

No

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19
Q

Do eukaryotes sexually reproduce?

A

Meiosis

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20
Q

Epulopiscium spp.

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A

Intestinal symbionts of surgeonfish
2nd largest bacterium (200-700um)
Changes size daily

21
Q

Thiomargarita magnifica

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A

Reservoir: rotting leaves sunken in the mangroves of Guadeloupe
Entire filament is only 1 cell
50x bigger than any known bacteria

22
Q

Optional structural components of bacteria

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A

Capsule
Pilus
Endospores
Flagellum

23
Q

Functions of bacterial cell well

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A

Protection against mechanical damage and osmotic lysis
Non-selective transport
Difference in structure and chemical composition- pathogenicity and staining properties

24
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

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A

a chain of alternating subunits of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) crosslinked with short peptides

25
Peptidoglycan in cell wall
Allows expansion of bacterial cell wall Polymer unique to prokaryotic cell wall Gives rigidity to the cell wall Differences in structure and chemical composition- pathogenicity and staining properties
26
Gram-staining technique
Differentiates bacteria by the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls by detecting peptidoglycan
27
Gram-positive bacteria
Thick multilayered peptidoglycan layer Single plasma membrane High resistance to physical disruption and drying High susceptibility to ionic detergents Teichoic acids (linked to peptidoglycan) and lipoteichoic acids (linked to plasma memebrane)
28
Teichoic acids
Role in colonization, infection and immune evasion Protection against harmful molecules and environmental stress Strongly antigenic virulent factors
29
Gram-negative bacteria
Thin single-layered peptidoglycan layer Inner and outer plasma membrane with periplasmic space (periplasm) Low resistance to physical disruption and drying Low susceptibility to ionic detergents Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
30
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
Virulence factor Lipid A component: endotoxin that activates immune system and exert harmful effects on the host Polysaccharide component- antigenicity
31
Lipopolysaccharides
endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria, released upon cell disruption O-antigen+ core (inner oligosaccharide)+ lipid A
32
Mycobacteria
Thick waxy hydrophobic cell well Rich in mycolic acids Acid-fast bacteria: do not decolorize with acid alcohol due to presence of mycolic acids Ziehl-Neelsen staining (acid fast staining)
33
Mycoplasma
Lack cell wall No cell= no peptidoglycan Plasma membrane contains sterols
34
Plasma membrane
Flexible structures Layer composed of phospholipids and proteins No sterols Outer faces are hydrophilic, interior is hydrophobic Functions: Active transport of nutrients Elimination of waste metabolites Electron transport for bacterial respiration Phosphorylation (enzyme ATP synthase) Enzymes and carrier molecules that function in biosynthesis of DNA, cell wall polymers and membrane lipids Generates energy in plasma membrane
35
Bacterial transport systems
Facilitated diffusion Active transport Group translocation (e.g phosphotransferase system in Escherichia coli; modify the solute during its passage across the membrane (transport of sugars))
36
Mesosomes
Invagination of the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm (not present in all types of bacteria) Increase the surface area during the cell division? Aid in cellular respiration> Can be produced by chemical fixation techniques (electron microscopy)
37
Nucleoid
Region in the cell currently occupied with nuclear material Single haploid circular chromosome Double-stranded DNA Extensively folded bacterial chromosome Exceptions: Leptospira: two circular chromosomes Borrelia burgdorferi: linear chromsome
38
Plasmids
Small circular pieces of DNA, capable of autonomous replication Genes associated with disease (virulence factors) Genes to survive in presence of antibiotics or toxic compounds (resistance genes)
39
Flagella
Present on bacterial surface Used for bacterial locomotion or motility Flagellar arrangement: -number of flagella -position at which flagella are inserted into bacterial cell wall Composed of protein flagellin Consists of filament+ hook+ basal body
40
Endoflagella
Flagella in periplasmic space Allow corkscrew- like motility (e.g spirochetes) Gram-negative because or periplasmic space
41
Pili/ Fimbriae
Fine, straight, hair-like appendages attached to cell wall Number of pili varies widely Most common gram-negative bacteria Composed of protein pilin Adhesion to host tissues Contribute to antigenicity
42
Capsule
=Glycocalyx, and extracellular polymeric matrix Mostly polysaccharides Only in some bacterial species Functions: Nutrient reserve Protection from adverse environmental conditions Facilitate adherence to host cell surfaces Interfere with phagocytosis e.g Bacillus anthracis produces defined polypeptide capsule
43
Endospore
Cryptobiotic state of dormancy and most durable type of cell found in nature Ensure survival during adverse environmental conditions (for extremely long periods of time) Endo= formed intracellularly (eventually released as free spores) Sporulation vs germination Produced by genera Clostridium (tetanus) and Bacillus (anthrax) when exposed to adverse conditions (e.g nutrient depletion) Resistant to extremely adverse conditions (desiccation, high temperatures, irradiation, strong acids)
44
Bacterial shapes
Cocci Bacilli Budding and appendaged bacteria
45
Cocci arrangements
coccus diplococci diplococci encapsulated staphylococci streptococci sarcina tetrad
46
Bacilli arrangements
coccobacillus bacillus diplobacilli pallisades streptobaccilli
47
Budding and appendaged bacteria arrangements
hypna stalk
48
Other bacterial arrangments
enlarged rod vibrio commas form club rod helical form corkscrew form filamentous spirochete

Bacteriology (2 decks)

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