Bacteriology Overview

Question 1

Four things in common with Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Answer 1

cell membrane
cytoplasm
DNA
ribosomes (different types)

Question 2

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 2

no nucleus and no membrane encolosed organelles.

tend to be smaller and more simplistic

Question 3

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 3

have a nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles

tend to be larger and more complex

Question 4

Cytoplasm

Answer 4

jelly like aqueous solution contains three main groups of molecules: macromolecules, small molecules and inorganic ions
facilitate chemical reactions and dissolve soltes
contains nucleoid and ribosomes

Question 5

macromolecules

Answer 5

proteins (enzymes), nRNA and tRNA

Question 6

small molecules

Answer 6

energy sources, precursors of macromolecules, metabolites or vitamins

Question 7

inorganic ions

Answer 7

required for enzymatic activity (co-factors)

Question 8

Nucleoid

Answer 8

nucleus- like structure contains: DNA, proteins, RNA

Question 9

Bacterial Chromosomal DNA

Answer 9

large circular macromolecule
loop formation caused by nucleoid- associated protiens (NAPs) bound to DNA
DNA supercoiling is mediated by enzymes: DNA gyrase and topoisomerase I

Question 10

Protein in nucleoid include:

Answer 10

proteins involved in DNA compaction

Transcription factors that regulate expression of bacterial genome

Question 11

Messenger RNA

Answer 11

mRNA encodes for proteins

Question 12

Non coding RNA

Answer 12

ncRNA is involved in DNA organization and expression of bacterial genome

Question 13

1 base pair

Answer 13

1 bp is one pair of nucleotide bases that connect the complementary strands of DNA

Question 14

Plasmid

Answer 14

circular molecule of DNA that replicates separately from chromosome- not part of nucleoid
not essential under normal conditions
has a defind copy number

Question 15

Virulence factors

Answer 15

genes associated with causing disease

Question 16

resistance genes

Answer 16

survive in presence of antibiotics and other toxic compounds

Question 17

conjugation

Answer 17

process that transfers plasmids cell to cell

Question 18

Bacterial Envelope contains

Answer 18

cytoplasmic membrane
cell wall (peptidoglycan layer)
periplasmic space
outer membrane (gram negative bacteria)
capsule (some bacteria)
envelope associated: pili/fimbriae, flagella, secretion systems

Question 19

Bacterial Envelope Functions

Answer 19

protects cell from environment or host
packages internal components
provides structural rigidity
produces energy
facilitates uptake of nutrients and efflux of toxic substances

Question 20

Gram Positive

Answer 20

stains purple
cytoplasmic membrane
thick layer of peptidoglycan
teichoic acids attached to peptidoglycan

Question 21

Gram Negative

Answer 21

stains pink
outer and cytoplasmic membranes
thin layer of peptidoglycan in the periplasmic space
lipopolysaccharides in outer membrane (LPS or endotoxins)

Question 22

Cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 22

composed of phospholipid bilayer and proteins

innermost membrane next to cytoplasm

Question 23

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 23

each phospholid molecule has a head and two heads
head is hydrophilic
tails are hydrophobic
hydrophobic compounds can enter by passive diffusion

Question 24

transport proteins

Answer 24

enable specific transport of molecules into cell and export molecules out of cytoplasm

Question 25

energy generation and electron transport chain

Answer 25

components required for the synthesis of adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) by ATP synthase protein

Question 26

Selective permeability barrier

Answer 26

transport proteins mediate passage of hydrophilic substances into and out of cell

Question 27

Cell wall: peptidoglycan layer

Answer 27

cell wall is a mesh like essential structure protects cell from osmotic lysis provides mechanical protection

Question 28

selective permeability barrier

Answer 28

prevents passive diffusion of hydrophobic or large compounds

Question 29

Protective Barrier

Answer 29

common to gram negative bacteria selective permeability barrier provides resistance to toxic compounds provides tolerance to detergents and bile salts

Question 30

Structure of Protective Barrier

Answer 30

asymmetrical lipid bilayer porin proteins transporter proteins

Question 31

Asymmetrical lipid bilayer

Answer 31

outer leaflet mainly composed of lipopolysaccharide | prevents dissusion of hydrophobic compounds

Question 32

porin proteins

Answer 32

allow small hydrophilic molecules to passively enter cell

Question 33

transporter proteins

Answer 33

enable specific transport of important, larger nutrients into the cell

Question 34

Capsule importance

Answer 34

help bacteria envade immune system aids in attachment to some surfaces increased tolerance to antimicrobial agents

Question 35

Capsule Structure and appearance

Answer 35

polysaccharide layer outside of the cell wall (gram positive) or outer membrane (gram negative) bacterial colonies have mucoid apperance

Question 36

Surface components importance

Answer 36

mediates contact with the surrounding enviroment | important for attachment to surface, movement and interactions with other bacteria

Question 37

flagella

Answer 37

important for motility | long filamentous protein structures

Question 38

pili/fimbriae

Answer 38

adherence to srufaces or bacterial interaction (biofilm) | shorter and more stiff than flagella

Question 39

sex pilus

Answer 39

involved bacterial conjugation (transfer of plasmids)

Question 40

secretion systems

Answer 40

release of proteins into environment or host | typically related to virulence or bacterial communication

Question 41

Endospores

Answer 41

dormant bacteria that can survive adverse conditions for long periods of time can revert to active state in hose and cause disease by multiplying gram positive form spores more often

Question 42

Spore forming bacillus

Answer 42

B. anthracis (anthrax) | P (Bacillus) larvae (american foulbrood)

Question 43

Spore forming Clostridium

Answer 43

C. perfringens and C. difficile (enterotoxaemia) C. tentani (tetanus) C. botulinum (botulism)

Question 44

obligate aerobes

Answer 44

require oxygen to survive

Question 45

obligate anaerobes

Answer 45

dont need oxygen to survive

Question 46

faculatative anaerobes

Answer 46

can grow with or without air | better growth in aerobic conditions

Question 47

aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 47

grow equally well with and without oxygen