Bacteriology Part IV Flashcards

(30 cards)

1
Q

What are antimicrobials?

A

drugs that destroy microbes, prevent their multiplication, or growth, or prevent their pathogenic effect.

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2
Q

Alexander Fleming discovered what?

A

Penicillin

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3
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

an antibiotic is a low molecular substance PRODUCED BY a microorganism that at a low concentration kills other microorganisms

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4
Q

antimicrobial

A

a substance (natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic) that kills or inhibits another microorganism. causes little to no damage to the host

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5
Q

all antibiotics are antimicrobials but not all antimicrobials are antibiotics

A

true

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6
Q

What are the three types of antimicrobials?

A

1) Natural
2) Semisynthetic
3) Synthetic

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7
Q

What are natural antimicrobials produced by? (true antibiotics) Examples?

A

produced by bacteria or fungus (streptomycin, penicillin, tetracycline)

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8
Q

What are semisynthetic antimicrobials? Examples?

A

a natural compound thats been chemically altered

-ampicillin, amikacin

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9
Q

What are synthetic antimicrobials? Examples?

A

chemically designed in a lab

-sulfonamide, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin

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10
Q

Antimicrobials are classified in 4 ways:

A

1) Chemical structure
2) Mode of action
3) Type of antimicrobial activity
4) Spectrum of antimicrobial activity

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11
Q

Classification of antimicrobials: Mode of Action: Cell wall synthesis

A

B lactam antibiotics

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12
Q

What are B lactam antibiotics?

A

inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis; inhibits penicillin binding proteins

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13
Q

Examples of B lactam antibiotics?

A

Penicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporins

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14
Q

What is B lactamase?

A

B lactamase is an enzyme active in antibiotics that can cleave B lactam antibiotic causing resistance

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15
Q

Classification of antimicrobials: Mode of action: protein synthesis inhibitors:

A

1) aminoglycosides
2) Tetracyclines
3) Macrolides

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16
Q

Classification of antimicrobials: Mode of action: DNA synthesis inhibitors:

A

1) Quinolones

2) Metronidazole

17
Q

Classification of antimicrobials: Mode of action: RNA synthesis inhibitors

A

1) Rifampin

2) Mupirocin

18
Q

Classification of antimicrobials: Mode of action: Folic acid synthesis inhibitors:

A

1) Sulfamides

2) Trimethoprim

19
Q

What are broad spectrum antibiotics?

A

Useful against gram positive and negative organisims

20
Q

Narrow spectrum antibacterials?

A

useful against either gram positive or negative not both

21
Q

what is Bactericidal (Suicidal)?

A

kills bacteria

22
Q

What is Bacteriostatic?

A

inhibits bacterial growth

23
Q

What is the Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (AST)?

A

AST is a test to determine whether a bacterium is susceptible to an antimicrobial treatment

24
Q

What are the 2 types of AST available?

A

1) Disk diffusion test (kirby bauer test)

2) Broth/Agar dilution test

25
What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?
the minimum amount of drug required to inhibit bacterial growth
26
What is the susceptibility break point?
the drug concentration where above it the organism is considered resistant, below it, it is susceptible to drug
27
What are the three break point values?
Susceptible Intermediate Resistant
28
For AST - Kirby Bauer test, what MUST you use?
you must use a bacterial isolate in PURE culture
29
Two types of antimicrobial resistance?
1) Innate resistance | 2) Acquired resistance
30
What are the 4 ways Bacteria can block entry of antimicrobial drug?
1) block entry into cell 2) Inactivating enzymes 3) Altering target molecule 4) Efflux or ejection of antibiotic