Bailey 1

Question 1

oligotrophs

Answer 1

grow with limited nutrients

Question 2

microaerophiles

Answer 2

require some oxygen, but lower levels

Question 3

Mesophiles

Answer 3

grow well in mild temps

Question 4

Envelope of gram +

Answer 4

Inner: 
---Cell membrane
---Thick cell wall made of:
        *Murein
        *Techoic/lipotechoic acid
Outer

Question 5

Envelope of gram -

Answer 5

Inner: 
---Inner membrane
---Periplasm
---Thin cell wall made of:
        *Murein
        *Lipoprotein
---Outer membrane w/ LPS
Outer

Question 6

Structure of Murein

Answer 6

NAG and NAM

Crosslinks b/w NAM

Question 7

Gram + Murein cross link composition

Answer 7

L-Lys-(gly)5-D-ala

Question 8

Gram - Murein cross link composition

Answer 8

DAP-D-ala

Question 9

Biosynthesis of murein

Answer 9

Murein made in cytoplasm

Cross linked in perisplasm

Question 10

Structure of LPS

Answer 10

Lipid A
  -Phosphorylated disaccharide w/ FA chains
Polysaccharide core
Repeating O antigen
  -Reason for difference

Question 11

LPS aka endotoxin induces what cytokine? And can lead to what illness?

Answer 11

TNF-alpha

Septic shock

Question 12

What recognize PAMPs?

Answer 12

PRRs like TLRs

Question 13

TLR-4 recognizes what?

Answer 13

LPS

Question 14

TLR-2 recognizes what?

Answer 14

Peptidoglycan (PG)

Question 15

TLR-2 +6 recognizes what?

Answer 15

Teichoic acid

Question 16

Fimbriae vs flagella

Answer 16

Fimbriae used for attachment

Flagella for motility

Question 17

Adhesins

Answer 17

Specialized proteins that are designed specifically for adherence. Located on tips of pili

Question 18

Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Peritrichous

Answer 18

Monotrichous-One flagella
Lophotrichous-Multiple flagella in localized area
Peritrichous-many flagella all over

Question 19

Directed movement referred to as

Answer 19

taxis

May be toward something good or away from bad stimulus

Question 20

Glycocalyx

Answer 20

A substance that surrounds a cell

Question 21

Capsule definition and composition

Answer 21

Well organized glycocalyx that is firmly attached

-Made of polysaccharides, but can include monosaccharides and glycoproteins.

Question 22

Slime layer

Answer 22

Loosely attached glycocalyx

Question 23

Why is a capsule so important

Answer 23

Crucial virulence factor for some.

Question 24

TLR-5 recognizes what?

Answer 24

Flagella

Sometimes capsular polysaccharide can be recognized too?

Question 25

How are bacteria named based on serological designations?

Answer 25

O antigen-has LPS (G-) H antigen-flagella K-capsule # after each letter refers to what number discovered

Question 26

Opportunistic pathogens

Answer 26

Rarely cause disease in those w/ intact immunological defenses Many are normally found on the body (S. Aureus)

Question 27

Primary pathogens

Answer 27

Can establish infection and cause disease in individuals w/ intact immune defenses

Question 28

Before a pathogen can colonize or invade it must _____

Answer 28

adhere

Question 29

Types of adherence

Answer 29

Nonspecific adherence | Specific adherence

Question 30

Nonspecific adherence

Answer 30

- reversible - docking * Random interactions

Question 31

Specific adherence

Answer 31

- irreversible - anchoring * Involves fimbrae and adhesins * May be found on capsules or cell surface

Question 32

How does strep mutans bind

Answer 32

Binds to tooth pellicle | Adhesin is glucosyl transferase. It binds to salivary protein involved in pellicle formation

Question 33

Are all adhesins found on pili?

Answer 33

No. Can be found on cell surfaces too.

Question 34

Bacteria may bind what substance at their surface

Answer 34

Fibronectin * May occur due to lipotechoic acids that bind to fibronectin * Surface proteins will bind fibronectin too

Question 35

How do bacteria take up nutrients

Answer 35

Facilitated Group translocation (phosphorylation linked transport) Active transport

Question 36

How are colonization and pathogenesis related?

Answer 36

Colonization alone is not enough for pathogenesis

Question 37

Endotoxin

Answer 37

Not secreted. On the surface of bacteria | LPS is most common

Question 38

Exotoxin

Answer 38

Classified by three types: 1) Type 1-Membrane acting-toxins bind to surface receptors and stimulate transmembrane signals 2) Type 2-Membrane damaging 3) Type 3-Intracellular effectors-get into the cell and induce enzymatic activity

Question 39

What makes a microbe a pathogen

Answer 39

- Adhere to host - Colonize the host - Replicate w/in given niche - Cause damage * Invasion * Toxin * Activate immune sys