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ImmunoMicro 2 > Leys > Flashcards

Leys Flashcards

1
Q

A biofilm is a mixture of _____ and a matrix made up of ________

A

microbes

extracellular polymers.

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2
Q

Bacteria form _____ within a biofilm.

A

complex structures

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3
Q

Most biofilms are mixtures of ___

A

different species of bacteria.

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4
Q

T o F: Biofilms can include microorganisms other than bacteria

A

True

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5
Q

Biofilms have complex structures that give accessibility to _____ and removal of _____

A

nutrients

waste products.

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6
Q

Bacteria in a biofilm are more or less resistant to antibiotics and host attacks?

A

More

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7
Q

Where do most bacteria form biofilms?

A

in an environment where there is liquid flowing.

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8
Q

Wild bacteria have extracellular______ that allow them to bind to surfaces or other bacteria.

A

polymers attached to their surface

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9
Q

Wild bacteria have extracellular polymers attached to their surface that allow them to ____

A

bind to surfaces or other bacteria.

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10
Q

Biofilms are associated with many diseases including ___

A

periodontal disease and caries.

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11
Q

Many bacterial diseases (including oral infections) are ___

A

polymicrobial where several species are involved.

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12
Q

_________ is the communication between bacteria.

A

Quorum sensing

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13
Q

What are the two general mechanisms for quorum sensing?

A

One that recognizes similar bacteria (same species) and one that recognizes all bacteria.

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14
Q

Do most bacteria have mechanisms for quorum sensing?

A

Essentially all bacteria have mechanisms for quorum sensing.

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15
Q

When do the quorum sensing mechanisms produce a response?

A

when a certain threshold concentration of secreted molecules in reached.

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16
Q

Quorum sensing is an essential process ____

A

in biofilm formation.

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17
Q

Strict vs obligate vs facultative anaerobes

A

Strict aerobes must have oxygen to grow. Obligate anaerobes cannot tolerate oxygen and facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen.

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18
Q

DNA that enters a bacterial cell can be treated three ways:

A

1) degraded
2) integrated into the host chromosome
3) integrated into a plasmid (extrachromosomal element).

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19
Q

How do bacteria degrade foreign DNA?

A

Restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes

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20
Q

What is transformation?

A

uptake of naked DNA by “competent cells.”

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21
Q

What is transduction?

A

the transfer of DNA between bacteria through a virus.

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22
Q

What is conjugation?

A

transfer of DNA through cell to cell contact using a sex pilus.

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23
Q

Mutations in DNA can cause _____

A

antibiotic resistance

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24
Q

Mutations can be the result of _____. Which are the least likely to cause antibiotic resistance?

A

base changes, deletions, insertions, duplications or rearrangements.
Deletions are the least likely to cause resistance

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25
Q

Bacteria remove oxygen radicals from the cell by converting them to ______ with _______.

A

Hydrogen peroxide with superoxide dismutase.

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26
Q

Catalase converts ______ to ______

A

hydrogen peroxide

water and oxygen

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27
Q

Bacteria that do not have ________ will not tolerate oxygen; they are anaerobic.

A

superoxide dismutase and catalase

28
Q

Bacteroides are the most numerous members of

A

the normal flora of the human colon.

29
Q

Spillage of intestinal material into the ____ typically results in a biphasic disease: _______

A

peritoneal cavity

acute inflammation followed by localized abcesses.

30
Q

There are a _____ number of bacterial species present during the acute phase and a ____ number of species that predominate in abcesses.

A

large

small

31
Q

______ is the most common isolate from intra-abdominal abscesses.

A

Bacteriodes fragilis

32
Q

Bacteriodes fragilis is the most common isolate from ______

A

intra-abdominal abscesses.

33
Q

What is unique about the LPS on the surface of B. fragilis?

A

It is not toxic. This is unlike other gram neg bacteria

34
Q

Of the hundreds of species that are introduced into the peritoneal cavity by spillage from the colon, those (including B. fragilis) that have a _____ survive phagocytosis by the host.

A

polysaccharide capsule

35
Q

Intra-abdonimal abcesses cause by B. fragilis or other bacteria can lead to

A

bacteremia and septic shock.

36
Q

What is bacteremia?

A

the presence of bacteria in the blood, with or without the presence of an illness.

37
Q

What is sepsis?

A

a severe systemic illness marked by hemodynamic derangement and organ malfunction.

38
Q

Why is treatment of sepsis with antibiotics difficult?

A

because the dead bacteria can release toxins that initially cause more damage.

39
Q

Spirochetes are widespread in nature, many or few cause disease?

A

Few

40
Q

The corkscrew-like movement of spirochetes is facilitated by _____

A

periplasmic flagella.

41
Q

What is the causative agent of syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

42
Q

Why is treponema pallidum difficult to study?

A

Cannot be grown in lab

43
Q

When T. pallidum enters the body it becomes systemic almost immediately by

A

traveling through the lymphatic channels to the systemic circulation.

44
Q

How does the primary chancre formed by T. pallidum differ from the entire infection?

A

primary chancre heals spontaneously

Entire infection is systemic

45
Q

What happens to 50% of patients that do not receive treatment for syphilis?

A

They enter the secondary stage of the disease

46
Q

______ produced by secondary syphilis is often mistaken for other problems.

A

The rash

47
Q

Tertiary syphilis, if left untreated, can progress to the CNS, causing _____

A

ataxic gait, paresis, blindness, dementia and death.

48
Q

____ is one of the easiest STDs to control. There are good diagnostic tests and treatment is available and inexpensive.

A

Syphilis

49
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of

A

Lyme’s disease.

50
Q

What causes Lyme’s disease?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

51
Q

Like syphilis, Lyme’s disease progresses in stages from an _____ to a ______

A

acute and local skin infection

chronic disease of the CNS and joints.

52
Q

B. burgdorferi is transmitted by

A

ticks.

53
Q

Which microbe is transmitted by ticks?

A

B. burgdorferi

54
Q

There are _______ bacterial species found in the oral cavity, from a wide variety of phyla.

A

500 – 1000

55
Q

Different bacteria occupy different environmental niches. Subgingival bacteria are generally ______. Supragingival bacteria are generally________.

A

proteolytic

sacchrolytic

56
Q

Factors that promote colonization in the oral cavity include _______

A 
adherence properties
synergistic bacteria
nutritional substrates
temperature
moisture content.
57
Q

Factors that inhibit colonization in the oral cavity include

A

antimicrobial properties of saliva
mechanical shearing
antagonistic bacteria.

58
Q

There are many bacterial species that are associated with periodontitis, while fewer species are associated with

A

periodontal health.

59
Q

Shifts in microbial composition occur in _____, however no bacterium is found in all patients with periodontitis and never found in healthy subjects.

A

periodontitis

60
Q

The tissue destruction that occurs during periodontitis is mainly the result of

A

a host response.

61
Q

There is a small shift from ____ to ______ during periodontitis.

A

gram positive

gram negative

62
Q

The complexity of the ______ increases during periodontal disease.

A

microbial community

63
Q

There is a slight shift to ______ in periodontitis.

A

more uncultivated bacteria

64
Q

Microbial diversity ____ in caries.

A

declines

65
Q

There is a progression of ____ as caries progresses.

A

dominant species

66
Q

Each location in the ____ has its own associated microbial composition. However there is overlap of species.

A

oral cavity

ImmunoMicro 2 (7 decks)

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