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Membranes > Baker Plant signalling > Flashcards

Baker Plant signalling Flashcards

1
Q

How does plant development differ from animals?

A

No cell migration,

Meristem tissue retains ability to differentiate

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2
Q

How do plants adapt to environment?

A

biochemically and physically

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of meristem?

A

shoot apical
auxillary
lateral
root apical

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4
Q

What are the main targets of signalling?

A

transcription factors, enzymes and cytoskeleton

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5
Q

What structure are plant hormones?

A

aromatic/conjugated small organics or peptides

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6
Q

What cell properties are affected by signalling?

A

Spatial differentiation of tissues, cells and within organs
polarity
growth rates

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7
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

all cells

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8
Q

Where do plant hormones act?

A

On their own/different cells with a pleiotropic effect

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9
Q

How are plant hormones regulated?

A

locally-no CNS

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10
Q

What are the classic hormones?

A 
Auxins
Cytokinins
gibberellins
absisic acid
ethylene
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11
Q

What are jasmonates involved in?

A 
carbon partitionning
mechanotransduction
senescence 
reproductive development 
stress resposes
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12
Q

How do jasmonates respond to biotic stress?

A

upregulate production of protease inhibitors to deter herbivore
produce volatile compounds to attract parastiods and prime adjacent plants

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13
Q

What is an example of a volatile compound produced in response to biotic stress?

A

meJA

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14
Q

How are Jasmonates produced?

A 
alpha linoleic acid release by phospholipases
13-(S)-HPOT by 13-lipoxogenase
allene oxide by AOS
cis-(+)-OPDA by AOC
export into peroxisome
activartion by OPR3
3 Beta oxidation
export to cytoplasm
conjugation
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15
Q

Where are jasmonates released from the membrane?

A

chloroplast

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16
Q

What are the JA animal cell analogs?

A

prostaglandins

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17
Q

How are JA stored?

A

Conjugation to amino acids or methylation

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18
Q

Which amino acid is JA mostly conjugated to?

A

isoleucine

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19
Q

What are modified JAs known as?

A

oxylipins

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20
Q

How is JA imported into the peroxisome?

A

Mostly by ABC transporter but some ion trapping

21
Q

Which ABC transporter imports JA?

A

Class D comatose

22
Q

Which compound mimicks JA-Ile?

A

coronatine bacterial toxin

23
Q

What are the biosynthesis mutants for JA?

A

Orp3 (OPDA activation)
Fadd triple mutant (no alpha-linoleic acid)
cts1/2 import mutants

24
Q

What characteristics do JA mutants have?

A

male sterility and increased susceptibility to disease

25
Q

Which type of JA mutant is reversible?

A

biosynthesis

26
Q

What is the JA response mutant?

A

coi1

27
Q

What does coi1 encode?

A

SCF F box specificity of E3 ubiquitin ligase

28
Q

What is the mechanism of JA activation?

A

JA-Ile acts as SCFcoi1 F box
binds JAZ (repressor) to promote E3 ubiquitination
genes are expressed

29
Q

What characteristics do coi1 mutants have?

A

male sterility,
increases susceptibility to disease
resistance to bacterial toxins and MeJA

30
Q

What do the auxin family control?

A 
tropic growth,
apical dominance
organogenesis
pattern formation
polarity
31
Q

How are auxins produced?

A

Derived mostly from tryptophan in a series of interlinked pathways under development and environmental control

32
Q

Which enzymes are involved in synthesising auxins?

A

Aminotransferases, decarboxylases and oxidases

33
Q

What is the main natural auxin?

A

indole-3-acetic acid

34
Q

Why are synthetic auxins used?

A

More stable

35
Q

How are auxins stored?

A

Conjugated through an ester bond to sugars

36
Q

How are auxins transported?

A

Through phloem for fast, non polar transport

Through cells using carrier proteins for polarity

37
Q

Which proteins transport auxins?

A

AUX1 influx, PIN efflux

PGP4 influx, PGP1 efflux

38
Q

How does AUX1 transport auxins?

A

As ions with H+ down a concentration gradient from pH5.5 to pH7

39
Q

How do plant cells maintain the H+ gradient?

A

P class ATPase

40
Q

Where are PINs found in respect to AUX1?

A

opposite site of cell

41
Q

What is the positionning of PINs in a root tip?

A

PIN1 and 4 bring auxins down centre
PIN3/7 act as quiescent centre
PIN2 transports up edge cells

42
Q

Is PIN distribution constant?

A

No, changes during development and in response to environment

43
Q

How is PIN expression controlled?

A

Synthesis in ER and transported in vesicles to plasma membrane.
Clathrin mediated endocytosis consitutively recycles
Degraded in the vacuole

44
Q

What determines location of PINs?

A

phosphorylation

45
Q

How is endocytosis stopped?

A

high [auxin]

46
Q

How are gravity tropisms produced?

A

Gravity detected by statolit starch granules. PIN3 redistributes from all over cell to basal membrane and cells change shape/ grow assymetrically to restore vertical

47
Q

How does auxin cause gene expression?

A

Binds aux/IAA repressor as the SCF-TIR1 F box unit of ubiquitin ligase. Repressor degraded and ARF promoter activated

48
Q

How many mutants with no auxin have been discovered?

A

None

Membranes (7 decks)

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