balance lecture Flashcards by sophia carrasco

____ is the ability to maintain the body’s center of gravity over its base of support with minimal sway or maximal steadiness

balance

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define postural control

involves controlling the body’s position in space for stability and orientation

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____ _____ is –The control of relative positions of the
body parts by skeletal muscles with respect to gravity and each
other.

postural orientation

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_____ ______ is The condition in which all the forces
acting on the body are balanced such that the center of mass (COM)is with in the stability limits or boundaries of BOS

postural stability

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what is the normal anterior/posture sway

12 degrees from most posterior- anterior position

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what is the normal lateral sway

16° from side to side

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what is static balance

base of support remains stationary and only the body center of mass moves

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what balance is Maintaining balance when a person is moving from point A to point B, where both the BOS and COM are moving, and the COM is never kept within the BOS.

dynamic balance

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▪ Moving support surfaces
▪ Move head, trunk, arms, legs
▪ Transitional and locomotor activities

these ar example of what kind of balances

dynamic

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what is automatic postural reactions

balance in response to unexpected external perturbation

ex: standing on a bus that suddenly accelerates forward

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____ _____ in response to external forces requiring immediate feedback

reactive control

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____ ______ is in anticipation of internal forces
imposed on the body’s own movements that utilizes
feedforward and feedback mechanisms

anticipatory control

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what is the difference between reactive vs anticipatory postural control

reactive involved modifying in response to changing task and environmental demands

anticipatory involves preparing for postural demands based on perevious experience and learning

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what are 5 examples of anticipatory (feedforward) things

-reaching
-catching
-kicking
-lifting
-obstacle course

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what is the reactive (feedback) things

▪ Standing sway
▪ Ankle strategy
▪ Hip strategy
▪ Stepping strategy
▪ Perturbations

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what are the MSK components of balance

-joint ROM
-spinal flexibility
- mm tone
- intersemental movements

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what neural systems are invovled with balance

visual , vestibular and somatosensory

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what are 3 factors that contribute to stability

-body alignment
-mm tone
-postural tone

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The ideal _____ in stance allows the body to be maintained in equilibrium with the least expenditure of internal energy.

alignment

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what is the standing alignment for appropriate to quiet stnading

▪ Head balanced on level
shoulders
▪ Upper body erect,
shoulders over hips
▪ Hips in front of ankles
▪ Feet a few cm (10 cm) apart

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what is the sitting alignment for appropriate quiet sitting

▪ Head balanced on level
shoulders
▪ Upper body erect
▪ Shoulders over hips
▪ Feet and knees a few cm
apart

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what is mm tone

the force with which mm resists being lengthened

during postural tone there is a increased levle of activity in ____ mm

antigravity

for postural tone when is antigravity mms activated

during quiet stance

what mma re topically active during quiet stance

gastrocsoleus, tibialis anterior, gluteus medius, TFL, iliopsoas, and erector spinae

what are the 3 strategies during perturbed stance

ankle hip stepping

what strategy is used when displacements are small and displaces COG by rotation about the ankle joint

ankle strategy

how are the mm activated during ankle strategy

distal to proximal

what is the ankle strategy if there is a posteior displacement of COG

-DF ankle -contraction of anterior tib - quads -abs

what is the ankle strategy if there is a anterior displacement of COG

-PF -contraction of gastroc -hamstring -trunk extensors

what motor strategy is Employed when ankle motion is limited, displacement is greater, when standing on unstable surface that disallows ankle strategy and is Preferred when perturbation is rapid and near limits of stability.

hip strategy

what is the hip strategy for anterior displacement of COG

forward away , activation of hammy , and paraspinals

what is the hip strategy for posteior displacement of COG

backward sway , activiation of abs and quads

what motor strategy is used If displacement is large enough, a forward or backward step is used to regain postural control

stepping

what is the triad of balance

visual vestibular somatosensory

The maintenance of balance is based on an intrinsic cooperation between the…

vestibular system proprioceptive vision

Postural control, not only depends on the integrity of the systems, but also on the sensory integration within the ____, ____ and _____ perception, effective muscle strength and joint flexibility

CNS visual and spatial

what does visual inputs provide information for

-positive of head relative to environment - orientation of head to maintain level gaze - direction and speed of head movements bc as ur head move, surrounding objects move in oppposite direction

what vestibular receptor sense ANGULAR acceleration of the head anf is sensitive to FAST head movements

semicircular canal

what vestibular receptors signal LINEAR positions and ACCELERATION. , source of information about head positions with respect to gravity and responses SLOW to head movement

otolith organs

what is invovled int he somatosensory systems for balance

joint receptions mm proprioceptors cutaneous receptors

incoming sensory information is integrated and processed in the what 3 things

cerebellum basal ganglia supplementary motor area

what has the fastest processing time for rapid responses and what is it followed by

somatosensory and followed by visual and vestibular inputs

what 3 things goes into motor control

individual environment task

what are 3 spatial temporal compensations

-changes BOS -restricting movement of body mass -using hands from support

what are 3 way patients may change their BOS

-wide BOS -shuffling feet with inappropratie stepping shifting on the strong leg

what is standing reaching forward

flexion at hips instead of DF ankles

what is standing reaching sideways

flexing trunk side ways instead of moving body laterally at the hips and feet’s

what are way to treat balance with modes

-begin with weight shifts -gradually increase sway - change speeds from slow to fast -increase surface challenges

PFN techniques are used to h enhance stability by doing what

rhythmic stabilizaiotn / alternating isometrics to enhances stability

PNF techniques are used to enhance dymaic balance by what

-isotonic combinations -slow and quick reversals

A 85-year-old patient has been working on balance in your clinic. She You have progressed her with sit to stands. What type of balance is this patient working on? A. Static Balance B. Anticipatory Balance C. Reactive Balance D. Dynamic Balance

▪ Which of the following is part of the ankle strategy? A. Anterior displacement and the activation of the anterior tibialis B. Anterior displacement and the activation of the quadriceps C. Posterior displacement and the activation of the quadriceps D. Posterior displacement and the activation of trunk extensors

The maintenance of balance is based on an intrinsic cooperation between which of the following? A. Vision B. Vestibular C. Somatosensory D. All of the above