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Misc. Notes Year 1 > Bamzy's Gastroenteritis document notes > Flashcards

Bamzy's Gastroenteritis document notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Define diarrhoea

A

3 or more loose stools in 24hours

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2
Q

Define the source/reservoir of infection

A

original source of the infection eg animal gut, another humans gut

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3
Q

Define the vehicle of infection

A

how the infection is transmitted contaminated water etc

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4
Q

Give 2 organisms that fall under the campylobacter genus

A

C. jejuni

C. coli

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5
Q

What kind of bacteria are Camylobacter (Gram etc)

A

Gram negative bacilli

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6
Q

What is the commonest cause of GI infection in the Uk

A

C. jejuni

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7
Q

What is the incubation period of Campylobacter

A

3-10 days

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8
Q

What does Campylobacter cause and what symptoms does it cause

A

inflammation of the colon and rectum

BLOODY DIARRHOEA and abdominal pain

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9
Q

What are some sources of Campylobacter and how can it spread

A

farm animals, (esp. undercooked poultry) water and unpasteurised milk – person to person spread is rare – outbreaks occur because people have been exposed to the same source – consumed the same chicken

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10
Q

What is the management of Campylobacter gastroenteritis

A

usually self limiting but give CLARITHROMYCIN or AZITHROMYCIN for 5 days if the patient develops systemic symptoms

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11
Q

Which syndrome can be preceded by campylobacter infection

A

Guillan-Barre Syndrome

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12
Q

What is Guillan-Barre syndrome

A

rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system

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13
Q

What is the species name for all gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella

A

Salmonella enetrica

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14
Q

What does a salmonella infection cause

A

inflammation of the ileum and colon – the bacteria then multiply in the gut and cause mucosal damage – decreasing fluid absorption and increasing fluid secretion

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of a salmonella gastroenteritis

A

abdominal pain, diarrhoea (sometimes bloody), vomiting

No way not fucking diarrhoea as a symptom r u sure??

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16
Q

What are potential sources of Salmonella infection

A

undercooked poultry

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17
Q

What is the management of Salmonella gastroenteritis

A

usually self limiting, ciprofloxacin for 5 days if patient at risk of developing systemic illness

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18
Q

Which organism is responsible for outbreaks in children every few years

A

Shigella

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19
Q

What is the incubation period for Shigella

A

1-9 days

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20
Q

What does Shigella do

A

Invades the intestinal mucosa causing severe inflammation but doesn’t ever invade any further (SO IS NEVER SEEN IN BLOOD CULTURES).

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of Shigella gastroenteritis

A

abdominal pain and occasionally blood/pus in diarrhoea

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22
Q

What are the sources of Shigella infection

A

human infection only – often spread from person to person

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23
Q

What is the management of Shigella gastroenteritis

A

usually self-limiting – symptomatic treatment only, other forms of Shigella picked up abroad from human waste in water can cause more severe infections that usually require CIPROFLOXACIN

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24
Q

What does the ‘O157’ refer to in E. Coli O157

A

refers to the O antigen on the surface of the organism

i.e it is a specific stereotype of the usually benign E. coli.

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25
Which toxin is produced by VTEC, and what does it do
verotoxin- binds to cell receptors found on renal cells, RBC and others. They inhibit protein synthesis and cause cell death
26
What condition can E. Coli O157
haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS) – increasing blood urea, red cell haemolysis and thrombocytopenia
27
What are the symptoms of an E. Coli or an E. Coli O157 infection
abdominal pain, bloody diarrhoea is common
28
What are the potential sources for E. coli O157
carried as part of normal gut flora in cattle – beef becomes contaminated on the outside at slaughter – risk of minced meat/burgers rather than steak
29
What is the management for an E. Coli gastroenteritis
symptomatic and supportive treatment only, antibiotics should not be used as it may increase the release of toxin – BLOODS MUST BE CHECKED 1 WEEK AFTER SYMTOMS FOR HUS
30
What are the causative organisms for typhoid and paratyphoid fever
salmonella typhi | salmonella paratyphi A + B
31
What is the incubation period for Salmonella typhi/paratyphi
14-21 days
32
What does Salmonella do in the body
Organism invades from the gut lumen lymphatic system bloodstream reticuloendothelial system and gall bladder gut lumen and invades to peyer’s patches
33
What are the symptoms of a Salmonella infection
fever, rash on abdomen (rose spots) and diarrhoea
34
What are the potential sources of Salmonella
human infection only – spread from person to person from drinking contaminated water/food
35
What is the management of a Salmonella gastroenteritis
antibiotics are required, choice depends on the sensitivities however – resistance to CIPROFLOXACIN is common in developing countries - AZITHROMYCIN used
36
What organism causes cholera
vibrio cholerae
37
What kind of organism is vibrio cholerae (Gram etc)
gram negative baccilus
38
What is the incubation period for cholera
1-9 days
39
What is the buzzword for cholera
rice water stools
40
How does cholera cause severe dehydration
Organism produces an exotoxin that causes active outpouring of fluid from cells of the small intestine – resulting in very severe watery diarrhoea
41
What are the potential sources of cholera
human only – person to person spread from contaminated water/poor sanitation
42
What is the management for a cholera gastroenteritis
fluid and electrolyte replacement is essential – antibiotics are NOT INDICATED
43
Which organism dominates flora of the gut when normal gut flora is disrupted due to antibiotics
Clostrium difficile
44
What type of organism is C. Difficile (Gram etc)
anaerobic gram positive spore forming bacillus | christ
45
Here we go again | What are the 4 C's
CIPROFLOXACIN CLINDAMYCIN CEPHALOSPORINS CO-AMOXICLAV
46
Name 3 organisms associated with preformed toxins
Stap Aureus Clostridium Perfringens Bacillus Cereus
47
What does the toxin formed by Staph Aureus act on in the body
Acts directly on the vagus nerve | Causes vomiting
48
What type of bacteria is Clostridium Perfringens (Gram etc)
Gram positive anaerobic bacillus
49
What is C. Perfringens heavily associated with
reheated gravy
50
What type of bacteria is Bacillus Cereus
gram positive aerobic bacillus
51
What is Bacillus cereus heavily associated with
inadequately refrigerated reheated rice
52
What bacteria would come to mind with a short incubation period (1-6 hours)
Staph Aureus | Bacillus Cereus
53
What bacteria would come to mind with a medium incubation period (12-18 hours)
Salmonella | C. Pefringens
54
What bacteria would come to mind with a long incubation period (2-14 days)
Camylobacter | E. Coli O157
55
What kind of bacteria is Cryptosporidium
Protozoal
56
What are the potential sources of Cryptosporidium
domestic animals – calves, person to person spread as well as contaminated water + swimming pools (cysts are resistant to chlorine)
57
What symptoms will Cryptosporidium cause
diarrhoea that is particularly severe in HIV patients
58
What is the management for Cryptosporidium gastroenteritis
symptomatic treatment only
59
What kind of bacteria is giardia lamblia
single parasite again – protozoal
60
What are the potential sources of Giardia Lamblia
person to person spread – associated with contaminated water supplies
61
What are the symptoms of giardia lamblia
diarrhoea, malabsorption syndrome, anorexia, abdmonial pain, flatulence (gas)
62
What is the treatment for Giardia Lamblia gastroenteritis
oral METRONIDAZOLE
63
What is the buzzword for Giardia Lamblia
"Flagellated organism"
64
What is the organism which is tiny white worms that looks like small pieces of thread in stool
enterobius vermicularis
65
What are the symptoms of enterobius vermicularis
perianal itch, worms seen in stool
66
What is the source of enterobius vermicularis
human to human only – poor hygiene
67
What is the treatment for enterobius vermicularis
oral MEBENDAZOLE | not metranidazole

Misc. Notes Year 1 (13 decks)

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