Bandura Flashcards
(28 cards)
1
Q
What were the aims of 1961 study ?
A
- Whether subjects exposed to aggressive models would reproduce aggressive acts
- Observation of nonaggressive models would have generalised inhibiting effects on subject’s subsequent behaviour
- Subjects would imitate behaviour of a same sex model to a greater degree
2
Q
Who were the subjects of 1961 ?
A
- 36 boys & 36 girls
- Enrolled in Stanford University Nursery School
- Age range 37-69 months = mean age of 52 months
3
Q
Who were the experimenters & models in 1961?
A
- A male & female model
- One female experimenter
4
Q
What was the experimental design in 1961 ?
A
- Divided into 8 experimental groups of 6 subjects each
- Control 24 subjects
- 1/2 aggressive, 1/2 non-aggressive
- Further divided into female & male subjects
- 1/2 viewed same sex models, 1/2 opposite sex
- Control group = no prior exposure to adult models & tested only in generalisation situation
5
Q
What experimental design was used in 1961 ?
A
- Matched individually on basis of ratings of their aggressive behaviour in social interactions in nursery school
6
Q
What were the independent variables in 1961 ?
A
- Condition the children were exposed to
- Sex of role model
- Sex of child
7
Q
How were children tested at once in 1961 ?
A
Tested individually
8
Q
What happened in stage 1 in 1961 ?
A
- Experiment children brought to experimental room by experimenter
- After settling child in corner, model escorted into opposite corner of room
- After model seated, experimenter left
- Non aggressive condition = model ignored Bobo & assembled toy set in quiet manner
- Aggressive condition = model began assembling tinker toys after 1m turned & aggressive to Bobo doll in stylised & distinctive way
- After 10m = experimenter entered & took child to new room, told another games room
9
Q
How was the room set out in 1961 ?
A
- Room set out for play & activities were chosen (nursery children)
- One corner = childs play area with small table & chair, stickers & potato prints
- Model corner = small table & chair, a mallet, toy set & 5 ft inflatable Bobo doll
10
Q
What happened in stage 2 in 1961 ?
A
- Subjected to ‘mild aggression arousal’
- As soon as child began to play with relatively attractive toys = told experimenters best toys decided to reserve for other children
- Experimenter remained in room = refuse to remain alone or leave before termination of session
- Experimenter remained as inconspicuous as possible = busying self with paper work at desk in far corner & avoid interaction with child
11
Q
What happened in stage 3 in 1961 ?
A
- Taken to new room = told to play with any toys of non-aggressive & aggressive toys
- Aggressive toys = Bobo doll, mallet & peg board
- Non aggressive toys = tea set, crayons & colouring paper, two dolls
- Child kept in room for 20m observed through one way mirror
- Observations made at 5s intervals = 240 response units
12
Q
What measures of imitation were obtained in 1961 ?
A
- Imitation of physical aggression
- Imitative verbal aggression
- Imitative non-aggressive verbal responses
13
Q
What were the results in 1961 ?
A
- Children in aggressive condition made more aggressive responses
- Boys made more aggressive responses than girls
- Groups didn’t differ in verbal aggression
- Boys in aggressive model showed more aggressive responses if model was male
- Girls in aggressive model showed more physical aggressive responses = male model but verbal aggression = female model
14
Q
What were conclusions in 1961 ?
A
Findings support idea that children learn social behaviour through observating learning
- Important implications for effects of media violence on children
15
Q
What were the aims in 1963 ?
A
- Children exposed to film mediated aggressive models would increase probability of aggression
- Real life aggression, film aggression & cartoon character aggression
16
Q
What were the sample in 1963 ?
A
- 48 girls & 48 boys
- 35-69 months (mean = 52 months)
- Recruited from Stanford University nursery school
- 3 experimental groups & 1 control
17
Q
What was the groups of 1963 ?
A
- Group 1 = real life models aggressive towards Bobo doll
- Group 2 = 10m film version of aggression towards Bobo doll
- Group 3 = cartoon version of female dressed as cat aggressive towards Bobo doll
- Control = not exposed to violence
18
Q
What was the procedure of 1963 ?
A
- Each child watched aggressive acts individually
- Children placed in room with experimenter exposed to mildly frustrating situation
- Next allowed to play freely in adjoining room full of toys
- Researchers observed children & noticed any interaction with Bobo doll
19
Q
What were the results in 1963 ?
A
- Children exposed to aggressive behaviour exhibited nearly 2x as much aggressive behaviour as control
- Boys more aggressive acts (imitative, fun play & non imitative) than girls
- More gun play in boys exposed to male model
- Boys saw female model more likely to sit on doll
- Boys gun play 7.3 female model & 15.9 in male model
20
Q
What were conclusions of 1963 ?
A
- Children learn social behaviour through observation learning
- Implications for effects of media violence on children
21
Q
What were the aims of 1965 ?
A
- To see if reinforcements administered to model influence performance but not acquisition of matching responses
- Whether introduction of positive incentives would wipe out both reinforcement-produced & sex-linked performance differences = revealing equivalent amount of learning among children in 3 treatment conditions
22
Q
What were the sample in 1965 ?
A
- 33 boys & 33 girls
- Stanford University Nursery school
- 42 - 71 months = mean 51 months
- Randomly assigned to one of three conditions equally
23
Q
What happened in the exposure procedure in 1965 ?
A
- Children brought individually to semi-darkened room
- Experimenter told child she had business to attend to before they could proceed to ‘surprise playroom’ & watch TV in waiting period
- Film = 5m model walked up to adult size Bobo doll & ordered to clear the way
- Model laid Bobo doll on side, sat on it, punched nose while remarking ‘Pow, right in the nose, boom boom’
- Model raised doll & hit on head with mallet ‘sockeroo… stay down’ & kicked doll about room
- Model threw rubber balls , with ‘bang’
- Sequence of physically & verbally aggressive behaviour was repeated twice
24
Q
What happened in each condition in exposure procedure in 1965 ?
A
- Model rewarded = 2nd adult appeared with abundant supply of sweets & soft dinks
- Informed model he was ‘strong champion’ = aggression deserved treat
- Poured large glass on 7-up & gave chocolate bars
- Model punished = reinforcing agent shook finger saying ‘hey there you big bully. you quit picking on that clown. I won’t tolerate it’
- As model drew back he tripped & fell, adult sat & spanked model with rolled up magazine reminding aggression
- Model ran off cowering
- No-consequence = same film except no reinforcement ending included
25
What happened in the performance measure in 1965 ?
- Escorted to experimental room with Bobo doll, 3 balls & mallet
- Free to play with any toy while experimenter left for 10m
- Behaviour recorded every 5s using one way mirror
- Neither of raters had knowledge of treatment conditions assigned
- Scored 10 children to ensure reliability & agreed 99% in scoring matching responses
26
What happened in the acquisition index in 1965 ?
- Entered with assortment of fruit juices & booklet of sticker pictures = positive incentives to activate into performance after learning through observation
- Experimenter asked child 'show me what Rocky did in TV programme' & rewarded with each matching response & asked for performance demonstration
- Assumed number of physical & verbal imitative responses accurate index of learning
27
What were the results in 1965 ?
- Reinforcing consequences to model has significant effect on number of matching responses that children spontaneously reproduced
- Introduction of positive incentives completely wiped out previously observed performance differences, equivalent imitative learning among children in groups
- Boys witness model rewarded or left without consequences learned imitative responses when positive reinforcers made available
- Girls in model punished condition showed 0.5 imitative responses with no incentive over 3.5 with positive incentive
28
What were the conclusions in 1965 ?
- Children left alone in room with Bobo doll & props imitated actions witnessed
- Model reward & no consequence more willing to imitate aggressive acts
- Further testing = indicated children in each condition had equal amount of learning & only motivation factors that kept behaviours from being similar in each condition
