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Neuro 3 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

5 basal ganglia?

A 
Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
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2
Q

Damage to basal ganglia lead to?

A

Movement disorders that are distinct from damage to motor cortex/projections

Damage to BG produces involuntary movements or inability to initiate movements

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3
Q

2 motor systems?

A

Pyramidal

Extapyramidal

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4
Q

BG does what to output of cortex?

A

Modulates it

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5
Q

Pyramidal vs extrapyramidal symptoms

A

Pyramidal - damage to descending pathways, paralysis, paresis

Extrapyramidal - damage to BG

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6
Q

Caudate and putamen?

A

Two parts of the same nucleus

Split by internal capsule

Known collectively as the neostriatum or striatum

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7
Q

Describe the caudate?

A

Head, body, and tail

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8
Q

Cell bridges of the striatum?

A

Penetrating fibers of the internal capsule connecting the caudate and putamen

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9
Q

What happens to the striatum rostroventrally?

A

Caudate and putamen verge and become the ventral striatum which is part of the nucleus accumbens which connects to the limbic system

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10
Q

Two neuronal types of the striatum?

A

Spiny stellates - 95%, dominant receipient of inputs, major output

Aspiny interneurons

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11
Q

Spiny stellate NT?

A

Inhibitory GABA projection cells

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12
Q

Aspiny interneurons NT?

A

Cholinergic

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13
Q

The lentiform or lenticular nucleus is comprised of

A

Putamen and Globus pallidus

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14
Q

Where is the substantia nigra?

A

Ventral to subthalamic nuclues

Mediodorsal to basis pedunculi

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15
Q

Two parts of the substantia nigra?

A

Pars compacta

Pars reticulata

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16
Q

Describe the pars compacta?

A

Pigmented cells, meanin, byproduct of dopamine metabolism

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17
Q

Describe the pars reticulata?

A

Located more ventrally, GABA

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18
Q

GPPIn is very similar to?

A

The pars reticulata

Same nuclear group, separated by fibers of the internal capsule

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19
Q

Inputs to the striatum?

A

Corticostriate

Pars compacta

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20
Q

Describe corticostriate to striatum

A

From all parts of the cerebral cortex

Glutaminergic

Excitatory

Terminates on teh spins of spiny stellates

Topographically organized

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21
Q

Describe the pars compacta to the striatum

A

Dopaminergic on both spiny stellates and interneurons

Destroyed in parkinsons!

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22
Q

5 structures of basal ganglia

A

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra

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23
Q

striatum=

A

caudate + putamen

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24
Q

What is part of the same nucleur group as SNPR?

A

GPPI (separated by internal capsule)

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25
lentiform nucleus=
putamen + globus pallidus
26
Outputs of basal ganglia project to?
ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus
27
Caudate runs on the lateral aspect of which ventricle?
lateral ventricle
28
Damage to BG produces?
involuntary movements or inability to initiate movements
29
Damage to BG leads to movement disorders which _________ (are or are not) distinct from those following damage to motor cortex and its projections.
ARE
30
Pyramidal system
Lateral motor systems (lateral CST) and medial motor systems (reticulo-spinal & tectospinal tracts)
31
Extrapyramidal system
BG
32
Pyramidal symptoms
Damage to descending pathways, paralysis and paresis
33
Extrapyramidal symptoms
Damage to BG
34
BG lesions
hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movement disorders
35
Caudate and Putament
Two parts of the same nucleus, split by the internal capsule
36
Cell bridges
Penetrating fibers of the internal capsule, connecting the caudate and putamen
37
Ventral striatum or mostly nucleus accumbens
Rostroventral merging of caudate and putamen.
38
Ventral striatum is important connections with ______________ system.
limbic
39
2 neuronal types of the striatum
spiny stellates and aspiny interneurons
40
Spiny stellates
Inhibitory GABAergic projection cells
41
Aspiny interneurons
Cholinergic. These cholinergic interneurons preferentially form excitatory synapses onto striatal neurons of the indirect pathway.
42
Where is the Substantia Nigra located?
Ventral to subthalamic nucleus, mediodorsal to basis pedunculi
43
What are the two parts of the Substantia Nigra?
SNPC (pars compacta), SNPR (pars reticulata)
44
SNPC
pigmented cells from melanin which is a byproduct of dopamine metabolism
45
SNPR
located more ventrally than SNPC is GABAergic
46
Corticostriate projections
From essentially all parts of cerebral cortex; glutamatergic, excitatory, terminates on spines of spiny stellates
47
Centromedian nucleus of thalamus receives inputs from
motor cortex
48
centromedian nucleus of thalamus projects onto
spiny stellates of striatum
49
Interconnections between components of BG
SNPC to Striatum: Dopaminergic (both on spiny stellates and interneurons)
50
Which neurons are destroyed in Parkinson's?
Dopaminergic interconnections between SNPC to Striatum
51
Direct striato-pallidal pathway
Striatal spiny stellates (D1) project directly to GPPIn/SNPR
52
Indirect striato-pallidal pathway
Striatal spine stellates (D2) project to GPPEx, which project to subthalamic nucleus, which then projects to the GPPIn/SNPR
53
D1 dopamin receptors
GABA/substance P/dynorphin
54
D2 dopamin receptors
GABA/enkephalin
55
D1 receptors are excitatory or inhibitory on the direct striatal neurons?
excitatory
56
D2 receptors or excitatory or inhibitory on the indirect striatal neurons?
inhibitory
57
All connections in the Striato-Pallidal pathway are GABAergic except
subthalamic to GPPIn/SNPR which is excitatory glutamatergic
58
Output from BG
GPPIn/SNPR to the VL/VA thalamus which project to the cortex
59
Direct pathway increases or decreases activity of cortical cells?
Increases
60
Direct pathway
Striatum to GPPIn/SNPR - inhibitory: GPPIn/SNPR to VA/VL - inhibitory: VA/VL to cortex - excitatory
61
Direct pathway
Increase activity in striatum of neurons which project through the direct pathway: Increase inhibition of GPPIn/SNPR: Disinhibition of VA/VL: INCREASE ACTIVITY OF CORTICAL CELLS
62
Indirect pathway
Striatum to GPPEx - inhibitory: GPPEx to subthalamic nucleus - inhibitory: Subthalamic to GPPIn/SNPR - excitatory: GPPIn/SNPR to VA/VL - inhibitory: VA/VL to cortex - excitatory
63
Indirect pathway
Increase activity in striatum of neurons which project through the indirect pathway: Increase inhibition of GPPEx: Disinhibition of subthalamic nucleus: Increase activity of GPPin/SNPR: Increase inhibition of VA/VL: DECREASE ACTIVITY IN CORTICAL CELLS
64
Indirect pathway Mnemonic
INDIRECT INHIBITS
65
Dopamine there has a net ___________ effect on VA/VL.
DISINHIBITORY (Indirect pathway is inhibited, and direct pathway is excited.)
66
When dopaminergic neurons are lost, the net effect is an ____________ in tonic inhibition of VA/VL.
increase
67
Why are anti-cholinergic agents somewhat useful in treating Parkinson's disease?
Removal of cholinergic excitation of the indirect pathway produces a net decrease in inhibition of the thalamus,which may account for the beneficial effects of anticholinergic agents in parkinsonism.
68
Independent BG-cortex circuitry
1. motor circuit 2. prefrontal circuit 3. oculomotor circuit 4. limbic circuit
69
Motor circuit
VA/VL, Putamen -> motor/sensory cortex
70
Prefrontal circuit
VA/MD, Head of caudate -> prefrontal cortex
71
Oculomotor circuit
VA/MD, Caudate -> frontal eye fields
72
Limbic circuit
VA/MD, Nucleus accumbens, ventral caudate and ventral putamen -> anterior cingulate cortex
73
Parkinson's
Net disinhibition of GPPIn/SNPR, increased tonic inhibition of VA/VL.
74
BG injury can lead to which cortical symptoms?
1. release phenomena 2. positive sings - involuntary movements 3. loss of function - inability to initiate motor acts, akinesia
75
Resting tremor
not an intentional tremor, occurs after cerebellar damage
76
akinesia
lack of movement
77
bradykinesia
slowness of movement
78
athetosis
slow writhing movement of hands
79
chorea
sudden movements of the limbs and facial movements
80
ballismus
sudden ballistic movements
81
dystonia
persistent distorted postures or movements
82
What are the hallmarks of PD (paralysis agitans)?
1. progressive 2. neurodegenration of dopamine cells from SNPC 3. Middle/old age 4. symptoms: resting tremor, akinesia, bradykinesia, dystonia, rigiditiy, cogwheel rigidity
83
What are common treatments for PD?
L-DOPA (precursor to dopamine) - eventually looses its efficacy. New potential fetal transplants of dopaminergic cells. Surgical ablation of GP (pallidotomy) and/or subthalamus.
84
MPTP (synthetic heronin) causes what kind of symptoms?
PD disease by destroying dopamine cells in SNPC
85
What are the hallmarks of HD (H's chorea)
1. degeneration of GABAergic striatal neurons from D2 inhibitory pathway 2. middle age 3. symptoms: chorea, dementia, and eventual death 4. no effective therapy 5. AD mutation 6. genetic screening of markers
86
Lenticulostriate arteries
Small vessels from the initial portion of MCA which supply large parts of the basal ganglia
87
Anterior choroidal artery
From the internal carotid and supplies portion of the anterior GP and putamen
88
Recurrent artery of Heubner
From the initial portion of ACA and supplies part of the head of the caudate and putamen
89
What are symptoms of stokes that damage subthalamic nucleus?
hemiballism
90
Tarditive dyskinesia
After prolonged treatment with many antipsychotic drugs (haloperidol - antagonists of dopamine), induce supersensitivity which can cause involuntary movements of face and tongue.

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