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Cerebellum Flashcards

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1
Q

Cerebellum regulates

A

Movements

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2
Q

How does cerebellum regulate movements?

A

Indirectly through modulation of upper motor neurons

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3
Q

What forms the network loop of the cerebellum? What is networked?

A

Basal ganglia

Are formed with the cerebral cortex and mediated by the thalamus

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4
Q

Three regions of the cerebellum?

A

Cerebrocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum

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5
Q

Where is the cerebrocerebellum located?

A

Lateral portion of the hemispheres of cerebellum

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6
Q

What does the cerebrocerebellum receive signals from?

A

Indirect connections to/from the cerebral cortex

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7
Q

What is function of cerebrocerebellum?

A

Regulation of skilled movements

Planning and execution of complex spatial and temporal sequences

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8
Q

Where is the spinocerebellum located?

A

Median (vermis) and intermediate (paravermal) regions of the cerebellum

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9
Q

What is input of spinocerebellum?

A

Direct inputs from the spinal cord

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10
Q

Function of spinocerebellum?

A

Intermediate regulates movements of distal muscles

Median (vermis) regulates movements of proximal muscles and some eye movements (smooth pursuit and saccades)

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11
Q

Where is the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Caudal-inferior portion of cerebellar lobes

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12
Q

Input of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

From vestibular nuclei

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13
Q

Function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Regulates vestibular reflexes

Vestibuloocular reflex
Balance through the VSR and VCR

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14
Q

Grey matter in the cerebellum?

A

A layered cerebellar cortex on surface

Deep cerebellar nuclei

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15
Q

Deep cerebellar nuclei connect to?

A

Output connections from the cerebellum to variety of brain regions

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16
Q

Describe the saggital sectioning of the cerebellum and their projections

A

Cerebrocerebellum - dentate nucleus
Intermediate cerebellum - interposed nuclei
Vermis cerebellum - fastigial nucleus
Vestibulocerebellum - vestibular nuclei

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17
Q

Three main pathways between cerebellum and other parts of the nervous system?

A

Superior CRB peduncle
Middle CRB peduncle
Inferior CRB peduncle

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18
Q

Function of the superior CRB peduncle?

A

Almost entirely efferent

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19
Q

Origination of the superior CRB peduncle?

A

Deep nuclei (interposed and dentate)

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20
Q

Projections of the superior CRB peduncle?

A

1) thalamus that in turn projects to upper motor neurons in the primary motor and premotor cortices + others
2) Projects to upper motor neurons in superior colliculus

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21
Q

Function of middle CRB peduncle?

A

Afferent pathway

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22
Q

Origination of the middle CRB peduncle?

A

Contralateral pontine nuclei

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23
Q

Function of the inferior CRB peduncle?

A

Smallest afferent and efferent path

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24
Q

Origination of the inferior CRB peduncle?

A

Afferent - vestibular nuclei, spinal cord, inferior olivary complex
Efferent - vestibular nuclei, reticular formation, superior colliculi

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25
Where does SCA arise from and what does it feed?
Basilar artery Superior and lateral cerebellum Superior CRB peduncle Superior portion of middle CRB peduncle Dentate nucleus
26
Where does AICA arise and what does it feed?
Basilar artery Lower 2/3 pons Ventrolateral cerebellum Middle CRB peduncle
27
Where does PICA arise and what does it feed?
Vertebral artery Lateral medulla Inferior vermis Posterior intermediate cerebellum Lateral cerebellum
28
Three inputs to the cerebellum?
Cerebral cortex Sensory nuclei Inferior olive
29
Cerebral cortex input to the cerebellum via?
Largest source of input To lateral CRB and some intermediate CRB Via pontine nuclei
30
Describe path of neurons from cortex to cerebellum
Project ipsilaterally to pontine nuclei Cross within pons to enter contralateral cerebellum Enter via middle CRB peduncle to reach the cerebro-CRB and intermediate CRB
31
Sensory nuclei of the cerebellum? What are the pathways?
Vestibular nerve and nuclei project ipsilaterally to vestibulocerebellum Proprioceptive input from spinal cord (Dorsal nucleus of clarke), from caudal medulla (external cuneate nucleus), and mesencephalic trigeminal n to reach ipsilateral spinocerebellum. Enteres via the inferior cerebellar peduncle
32
Inputs and function of inferior olive?
Receives inputs from cerebral cortex (motor), somatosensory (spinal cord and brainstem), and reticular formation to integrate motor commands with the somatosensory signals resulting from execution of movement.
33
The inferior olivary nucleus is also known as?
The error detector! Integration of sensory and motor commands
34
Inferior olive enters the cerebellum via?
Project to entire contralateral cerebellum Via inferior cerebellar peduncle
35
Somatotopic map of cerebellum?
Axial control - medial Distal control - lateral
36
Projection of efferent output of the cerebellum?
First to deep cerebellar nuclei Then to upper MN in brainstem or thalamic nuclei Then to upper MN in the cerebral cortex
37
Describe input of deep cerebellar nuclei
From different regions of cerebellar cortex Vestibulocerebellum directly to vestibular complex in the brainstem. these upper MN influence reflexes of VSR, VCR and VOR
38
Cerebrocerebellum output via?
Dentate nucleus
39
Pathway of cerebrocerebellum output?
Dentate nucleus to terminate in the contralateral premotor and motor cortex (after relay in thalamus)
40
Cerebrocerebellum output function?
Planning of movements
41
Output of spinocerebellum via?
Fastigial nucleus Interposed nuclei These are organized somatotropically
42
Pathways of the spinocerebellum?
Fastigial (medial) to inferior CRB peduncle to reticular formation and vestibular complex Lateral interposed nuclei project via superior CRB peduncle to thalamus to primary motor region and superior colliculus
43
Functions of spinocerebellum tracts
Fastigial - modulates axial and proximal limb musculature Interposed - volitional limb movements
44
Dentate nucleus projects via and to where? Then where?
Via superior cerebellar peduncle To contralateral VL thalamus From there to premotor and motor association cortices of the frontal lobe (planning an execution of volitional movements) Additionally terminates contralaterally at superior colliculus
45
Direct cerebellar hemisphere projection?
Directly to vestsibular complex Modulate VOR and VSR/VCR
46
Describe the circuits of the fastigial nuclei
Medial fastigial via inferior CRB peduncle to reticular formation for control of proximal limb and axial musculature) also to ipsilateral superior colliculus Superior colliculs then can go to reticular formation as well CRB via reticular formation and vestibular nuclei exert bilateral modulation of balance
47
Describe the layers of the cerebellum
Superifical - molecular layer of dendrites from purkinje neurons, incoming axons, and interneurons Middle - purkinje cell layer which has cell bodies in a single row Deep layer - granule layer with granule cells
48
Granule cells comprise?
50% of the total neurons in the CNS
49
Where are interneurons in the cerebellum?
Middle and deep layer
50
Two afferents of the cerebellum?
Mossy fiber | Climber fiber
51
Describe the mossy fiber system
Formed by most of the input sources to cerebelllum from the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, brainstem (except inferior olives)
52
Pathway of mossy fiber system?
Enter cerebellum and synapse with deep cerebellar nuclei on granule cells Granule cells give rise to axons called parallel fibers that ascend to the molecular layer where they bifurcate to form T-shaped branches extending parallel to the surface of the molecular layer
53
Describe the climbing fiber system?
Originate in the inferior olivary complex in the medulla
54
Pathway of climbing fiber system?
Enters cerebellum and makes contact with deep cerebellar nuclei directly on the purkinje cells
55
Function of the climbing fiber system?
Error detector
56
Contrast between the mossy and climbing fiber systems?
Mossy is segregated into zones (vestibular, spinal, cerebrocerebellar) Climbing is the whole cerebellum
57
Describe parallel fibers
Connectivity is divergent Purkinje cells receive 200,000 synapses from parallel fibers Each granule cell contacts thousands of purkinje cells Massive contacts done at the level of distal dendrites of the purkinje cells
58
Describe climbing fiber
Numberous synaptic contacts to purkinje cell but from a single climbing fiber (~1500 connections to the proximal dendrites or the cell body) These synaptic contacts are the most powerful in the nervous system
59
From purkinje cells signal?
Synapses with output neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei
60
Each input fiber will contact?
Mossy/climbing fibers will contact both the deep cerebellar nuclei and the purkinje cells to be excitatory
61
Describe the deep excitatory loop
Deep cerebellar nuclei and their excitatory afferents
62
What shapes output of deep excitatory loop?
The purkinje inhibitory loop
63
How does purkinje inhibitory loop work?
Inverts the sign of the input signals (responding to excitation with inhibitory output)
64
Describe error and the purkinje inhibitory loop
Parallel fiber input is weak and can be modulated by the climbing input (error input) If no error, then input from inferior olives is rhythmic and habituates reducing the input to the purkinje cells and deep nuclei Overall output is reduced If error, then no habituation and correcting signal is generated to the upper MN

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