Basal Ganglia

Question 1

What is responsible in MAKING a movement occur & keeping another movement from happening at the same time?

Answer 1

Basal Ganglia

Question 2

What monitors movement that is occurring to make sure that it is the movement that NEEDS to occur (makes adjustments if not)

Answer 2

Cerebellum

• unconscious information

Question 3

What is the only sensory relay that does NOT go through the thalamus?

Answer 3

SMELL!!!!

Question 4

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 4

1. Putamen

2. Globus Pallidus

Question 5

What makes up the striatum?

Answer 5

1. Putamen

2. Caudate

Question 6

The sub thalamic nucleus and Substantia Nigra are both part of the ____ ______.

Answer 6

Basal Ganglia

Question 7

What part of the Substantia Nigra is responsible for secreting dopamine?

Answer 7

SNc

• COMPACTA

Question 8

What part of the Substantia Nigra is similar to GPi?

Answer 8

SNr

• Reticularis

Question 9

most input into the Striatum comes from where?

Answer 9

Association Cortex

and frontal lobe

Question 10

What is a major output of the striatum?

Answer 10

Gpi & Gpe

Question 11

What 2 structures are found LATERAl to the internal capsule?

Answer 11

LENTIFORM nucleus

1. Globus Pallidus
2. Putamen

Question 12

What structure is found next to the LATERAL VENTRICLE?

Answer 12

Caudate

Question 13

What is found in the POSTERIOR limb of the Internal Capsule? In the Genu?

Answer 13

1. CST

2. Corticobulbar tract

Question 14

Is Globus Pallidus efferent or afferent?

Answer 14

EFFERENT

• info comes out

Question 15

Information in the MOTOR loop of the basal ganglia projects to which nuclei in the thalamus?

Answer 15

VA & VL

Question 16

What structure tends to inhibit the thalamus?

Answer 16

GPi

Question 17

What inhibits GPi? What provides excitatory output of the GPi?

Answer 17

• Striatum inhibits GPi (with increased dopamine)

- STN (subthalamic nuclei) excite the GPi = thalamus is inhibited

Question 18

What neurotransmitter is excitatory? Inhibitory?

Answer 18

1. GLUTAMATE

2. GABA

Question 19

When GPi is active, is the thalamus active or inactive?

Answer 19

INACTIVE = no motor activity

Question 20

What are the 2 efferent fibers from GPi to the thalamus called?

Answer 20

1. Ansa Lenticularis

2. Lenticular Fasciculus

Question 21

What are the efferent fibers from Gpe?

Answer 21

Subthalamis Fusciculus

—> project back to GPi through STN

Question 22

The subthalamic nucleus is a part of the Basal Ganglia. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

What influences the LMN(lower motor neurons) via the cerebral cortex?

Answer 23

Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, Association COrtex

Question 24

Input to the striatum from the cortex is excitatory or inhibitory? What is the neurotransmitter?

Answer 24

EXCITATORY

• GLUTAMATE

Question 25

Output from the Basal Ganglia is via what? Is this excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 25

Gpi & SNr - GABA = INHIBITORY

Question 26

What determines whether the thalamus is suppressed or not?

Answer 26

the balance of excitatory & inhibitory inputs to the STRIATUM

Question 27

What two areas is the input excitatory?

Answer 27

1. Input from the THALAMUS to the pre-motor cortex | 2. Input from the ASSOCIATION cortex to the Striatum

Question 28

The following loops are concerned with what kind of movements: 1. Motor loop 2. Occulomotor 3. Cognitive 4. Limbic Loop

Answer 28

1. concerned w/ learned movements 2. Voluntary Saccades (eyeball movements) 3. motor learning or "planning ahead" 4. emotional motor expression

Question 29

The following loops use what Thalamic nuclei: 1. Motor loop 2. Occulomotor 3. Cognitive (pre-frontal loop) 4. Limbic Loop

Answer 29

1. VA/VL 2. Mediodorsal/ VA 3. Mediodorsal/VA 4. Mediodorsal

Question 30

Describe the steps of the DIRECT MOTOR pathway in the presence of DOPAMINE.

Answer 30

1. SNc releases Dopamine 2. D1 receptors active 3. Striatum active 4. Gpi = INACTIVE 5. Thalamus = ACTIVE! - from VA/VL nuclei of the thalamus to the Pre-motor cortex MOVEMENT OCCURS!!

Question 31

What kind of response does dopamine cause to the direct & indirect pathways?

Answer 31

- activates the direct = more movement - D2 receptors inactive the INDIRECT pathway result= MORE MOVEMENT!!!

Question 32

When there is no dopamine, what occurs in the direct pathway?

Answer 32

1. Striatum inhibition on GPi is minimal 2. Thalamic activity decreased 3. cortex is "inhibited" - increase striatum inhibition of GPi by ADDING DOPAMINE

Question 33

Which pathway allows movement to occur? Which doesn't?

Answer 33

Direct = movement Indirect = no movement

Question 34

What occurs in the INDIRECT pathway (w/o dopamine)

Answer 34

1. striatum is less inhibitory 2. GPe is inactive 3. STN active 4. GPi active! 5. Thalamus INACTIVE 6. cortex inhibited NO MOVEMENT

Question 35

When dopamine is added to the INDIRECT pathway, what is activated?

Answer 35

GPe is active - STN inactivated - GPi inactived - THALAMUS ACTIVE!! = movement occurs

Question 36

What receptor inhibits the indirect pathway?

Answer 36

D2

Question 37

Which disease results in less motor activity? What is destroyed? Which NT's are LOW?

Answer 37

1. PARKINSON's 2. Substantia Nigra destroyed 3. No DOPAMINE - SNc secretes dopamine

Question 38

Which pathway does Parkinson's disease mostly affect?

Answer 38

DIRECT pathway! - release of normal inhibition on GPi -GPi is constantly active - thalamus inactive = no movement

Question 39

What disease results in the following symptoms: 1. RIgidity 2. Paucity of movement 3. Problem initiating movement

Answer 39

PARKINSON's

Question 40

If a person were weak, there would be damage where? If the person was NOT weak, what areas could have been affected?

Answer 40

1. weak = Upper or Lower motor neurons 2. not weak = Cerebellum + Basal Ganglia - association cortex

Question 41

What disease results in atrophy of the Striatum (extremely large ventricles as a result)

Answer 41

Huntington's disease - striatum atrophies

Question 42

Would a person with Huntington's disease show signs of increased movement or decreased movement?

Answer 42

INCREASED movement

Question 43

What is the likely cause of Huntington's disease?

Answer 43

- Direct pathways become more active than the INDIRECT pathway (loss of stratal neurons in the indirect pathway) - w/o inhibition from Indirect pathway, thalamic neurons fire randomly causing movement w/ no control by patient

Question 44

Which disease results in an increase in spontaneous movement?

Answer 44

Huntington's Disease

Question 45

Disorders in the basal ganglia are contralateral or ipsilateral?

Answer 45

Contralateral