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Neuro > Basal Ganglia - Physiology > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia - Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the basal ganglia

A

Consists of a number of subcortical nuclei

Grouping is related to funtion

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2
Q

What is the basic feedback circuit of the basal ganglia

A

Receives information from several sources - including the cortex

Feeds information back to the cortex via the thalamus

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3
Q

What can the components of the basal ganglia be divided into

A

Input nuclei

Output nuclei

Intrinsic nuclei

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4
Q

What is the order of the nuclei components

A

Input nuclei receives information

Relayed to the intrinsic nuclei for processing

Further passed to the output nuclei

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5
Q

What are the input nuclei

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

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6
Q

What are intrinsic nuclei

A

External globus pallidus

Subthalamic nucleus

Pars compacta of the substantia nigra

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7
Q

What are the output nuclei

A

Internal globus pallidus

Pars reticula of the substantia nigra

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8
Q

Where are the caudate nucleus and putamen found

A

Telencephalon

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9
Q

What is the neostriatum

A

Collective term for the caudate nucleus and putamen

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10
Q

What is the globus pallidus divided into

A

External and internal domains

Functionally different

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11
Q

Where does the subthalamic nucleus lie

A

Diencephalon

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12
Q

Where is the substantia nigra

A

Mesencephalon

Divided into two parts
- pars compacta
- pars recticularis

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13
Q

Where does the caudate nucleus lie

A

Forms the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle

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14
Q

Is the caudate nucleus grey or white matter

A

Grey matter

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15
Q

Where does the internal capsule lie

A

During development the caudate nucleus is separated from the putamen by this

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16
Q

Is the internal capsule white or grey matter

A

White matter

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17
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus

A

Globus pallidus

Putamen

Anatomically related

Share no functional relationship

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18
Q

Is the lentiform nucleus grey or white matter

A

Grey matter

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19
Q

What forms the lateral aspect of the lentiform nucleus

A

Putamen

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20
Q

What separates the internal and external globus pallidus

A

Medial medullary lamina

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21
Q

What separates the putamen and external globus pallidus

A

Lateral medullary lamina

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22
Q

Is the external capsule white or grey matter

A

White matter

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23
Q

Is the claustrum part of the basal ganglia

A

No

Once thought to be part of it

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24
Q

Is the claustrum white or grey matter

A

Thin bundle of grey matter

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25
Is the extreme capsule white or grey matter
White matter
26
Where is the subthalamic nucleus
Inferior to thalamus Right above substantia nigra
27
What is the simple term of the function of the basal ganglia
Feedback mechanism
28
What is the main function of the basal ganglia
Motor refinement Prevents exaggerated and excessive movements Reducing excitatory input of the cerebral cortex
29
What is another function of the basal ganglia
Modulating cognitive and emotional responses
30
What is the role of the putamen
Motor loop Receives inputs from motor and somatosensory cortices Projects back to motor area
31
What is the role of the caudate nucleus
Receives input from cortical association areas Projects to prefrontal areas
32
What is the role of the ventral striatum
Emotion Receives inputs from the limbic system
33
What is the arterial supply of the basal ganglia
Majority from the middle cerebral artery
34
What are upper motor neurones
Motor command originates in motor cortex pyramidal cells - in layer 5,6 grey matter
35
Define basal ganglia
A group of structures beneath the cortex that act as 'gate keeper' for control of motor systems (muscles)
36
Where does the basal ganglia receive input from
Mainly excitatory From many areas of the cortex Glutamate - neurotransmitter
37
What is the neurotransmitter basal ganglia receive inputs from
Glutamate
38
What is the out put of the basal ganglia
Mainly inhibitory
39
What is the neurotransmitter for the output of the basal ganglia
GABA
40
What are the 5 principle nuclei of the basal ganglia
Substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) Caudate and putamen (striatum) Globus pallidus (internal and external) Subthalamic nucleus
41
What are the conditions which lead to motor resources
Energy balance (feeding) Fluid balance (drinking) Threat (escape)
42
What is the limbic system
Epicentre for emotional and behavioural expression
43
What are the functions of the limbic system
5 Fs Feeding - satiety and hunger Forgetting - memory Fighting - emotional response Family - sexual reproduction and maternal instincts Fornicating - sexual arousal
44
What are the two lobes of the limbic system
Cortical (limbic lobe) Subcortical
45
What is the limbic lobe components
Orbital frontal cortex Hippocampus Insular cortex Cingulate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus
46
What is the role of the hippocampus
Long-term memory
47
What is the role of the insular cortex
Desires Cravings Addictions
48
What is the role of the cingulate gyrus
Neuropathic pain and nociception
49
What is the role of the parahippocampal gyrus
Path for communication between cortical association areas and hippocampus
50
What are the subcortical components
Amygdala Olfactory bulb Hypothalamus Anterior and dorsalmedial nuclei of the thalamus Septal nuclei
51
What is the role of the amygdala
Fear Anxiety responses
52
What is the role of the olfactory bulb
Olfactory input about smells detected in nasal cavity
53
What is the hypothalamus role in the limbic system
Final output
54
Name the order of the circle of papez
Cingulate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus Entorhinal cortex Subiculum Lateral and medial mammillary nuclei Anterior thalamic nucleus Internal capsule Cingulate gyrus
55
What is the uncus the home of
Amygdala
56
What are the functions of the hypothalamus
Sexual arousal Emotional response Endocrine regulation Sexual development Thermoregulation Regulation of satiety and hunger Osmoregulation
57
What is the basics of the limbic system
Collection of structures involved in processing emotion and memory Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus
58
What is the circle of papez
Interactions between the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus in order for emotional behaviour to be consciously perceived
59
What is the detailed communication pathway of the circle of papez
Uses prefrontal and alveolar tracts by fornix and fimbria - information can be transmitted to the mamillary bodies Mamillary bodies communicate with the anterior thalamic nucleus Internal capsule takes information from the thalamus to the cingulate gyrus - then returns impulses to the entorhinal area via the cingulum
60
What is contained in the rostral (upper) part of the basal ganglia
Striatum - putamen, caudate nucleus Globus pallidus - internal and external
61
What is contained in the caudal (lower) part of the basal ganglia
Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra
62
What does not enough dopamine cause
Increased muscle tone Reduced movements
63
What does too much dopamine cause
Decreased muscle tone Overshooting movements
64
Is Parkinson's disease too much or too little dopamine
Not enough
65
Why is there not enough dopamine in Parkinsons disease
Loss of the substantia nigra
66
Describe the pathology of parkinsons disease
Loss of substatia nigra means no stimulation of the striatum and globus pallidus and no stimulation to the subthalamic nucleus Results in direct communication from the cortex to the striatum and globus pallidus to the thalamus No control Dishibition of inhibitory STN - increased overall inhibition of basal ganglia motor output
67
What is the role of the substantia nigra
Dopaminergic nucleus which plays a critical role in modulating motor movement and reward functions
68
What is the role of the striatum
Planning and modulation of movement pathways Reward processing and motivation Decision making Working memory Eye movements

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