Spine

Question 1

How many cervical vertebrae are there

Answer 1

7

Question 2

How many thoracic vertebrae are there

Answer 2

12

Question 3

How many lumbar vertebrae are there

Answer 3

5

Question 4

How many sacrum vertebrae are there

Answer 4

5 - fused

Question 5

How many coccyx vertebrae are there

Answer 5

4 - fused

Question 6

Which of the vertebrae are fused

Answer 6

Sacrum
Coccyx

Question 7

What is the basic common structure which all vertebrae share

Answer 7

Anterior vertebral body
Posterior vertebral arch

Question 8

Describe the vertebral body

Answer 8

Forms anterior part of each vertebrae

Weight-bearing component - lower column has larger bodies than upper

Question 9

What are the superior and inferior aspects of the vertebral body lined with

Answer 9

Hyaline cartilage

Question 10

How are adjacent vertebral bodies separated

Answer 10

Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc

Question 11

Describe the vertebral arch

Answer 11

Forms the lateral and posterior aspect of each vertebrae

Question 12

What is the hole which the vertebral body and vertebral arch form

Answer 12

Vertebral foramen

Question 13

Where do all foramina of the vertebrae line up to form

Answer 13

Vertebral canal - encloses the spinal cord

Question 14

In the vertebrae what do the transverse processes articulate with

Answer 14

Ribs

Question 15

What do the ribs articulate with

Answer 15

Transverse processes on the vertebrae

Question 16

What are pedicles

Answer 16

Connect the vertebral body to the transverse processes

Question 17

What are lamina

Answer 17

Connect the transverse and spinous processes

Question 18

What are articular processes

Answer 18

Form joints between one vertebra and its superior and inferior counterparts

Located at the intersection of the laminae and pedicles

Question 19

What are the features of cervical vertebrae

Answer 19

Bifid spinous processes

Opening in each transverse process

Triangular vertebral foramen

Question 20

What travels through the openings in the transverse processes in cervical vertebrae

Answer 20

Vertebral arteries travel to the brain

Question 21

Describe bifid processes in the cervical vertebrae

Answer 21

Spinous process bifurcates at the distal end

C1 - no spinous process
C7 spinous processes longer + may not bifurcate

Question 22

Describe the thoracic vertebrae

Answer 22

Increase in size superior to inferior

Specialised function to articulate with the ribs

Two ‘demi facets’

Costal facet on transverse processes

Spinous processes orientated obliquely inferiorly and posteriorly

Question 23

What do the thoracic vertebrae and ribs articulate to form

Answer 23

Bony thorax

Question 24

Describe the demi facets of the thoracic vertebrae

Answer 24

Each has 2

Either side of the vertebral body

Articulate with the heads of two different ribs

Question 25

Describe the lumbar vertebrae

Answer 25

Largest in vertebral column Large vertebral bodies - kidney shaped Lack characteristics of other vertebrae Triangular-shaped vertebral foramen

Question 26

Describe the sacrum

Answer 26

Collection of 5 fused vertebrae Inverted triangle with apex pointing downwards Lateral walls are facets for articulation with the pelvis at the sacroiliac joints

Question 27

Describe the coccyx

Answer 27

Small bone - articulates with the apex of the sacrum Recognised by the lack of vertebral arches No vertebral canal

Question 28

What type of joints are vertebral body joints

Answer 28

Cartilaginous Designed for weight-bearing

Question 29

What are the articular surface of vertebrae covered and connected by

Answer 29

Covered by - hyaline cartilage Connected by - intervertebral discs

Question 30

What are the ligaments which strengthen the vertebral body joints

Answer 30

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments Run full length of the vertebral column

Question 31

Describe the anterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 31

Thick Prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column

Question 32

Describe the posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 32

Weaker Prevents hyperflexion

Question 33

What is the name of the joints between articular facets

Answer 33

Facet joints

Question 34

What is the purpose of facet joints

Answer 34

Allow for some gliding motions between vertebrae

Question 35

What are the facet joints supported by

Answer 35

Ligamentum flavum Interspinous and supraspinous Intertransverse ligaments

Question 36

Where does the ilioinguinal nerve come off

Answer 36

L1

Question 37

Describe the ilioinguinal nerve

Answer 37

Sensory - superior/antero/medial thigh - roue of penis, anterior scrotum - skin over mons pubis, labia majora Motor - internal obliques - transverse abdominas

Question 38

Where does the genitofemoral nerve come off

Answer 38

L1 - L2

Question 39

Where does the genitofemoral nerve come off

Answer 39

L1 - L2

Question 40

Describe the genitofemoral nerve

Answer 40

Sensory - anterior scrotum - mons pubis, labia majora Motor - cremaster muscle Femoral branch - skin to the upper anterior thigh

Question 41

Where does the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh come off

Answer 41

L2 - L3

Question 42

Describe the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

Answer 42

No motor Sensory - anterior/lateral thigh down to the knee level

Question 43

Where does the obturator nerve come off

Answer 43

L2, L3, L4

Question 44

Describe the obturator nerve

Answer 44

Motor - muscles of the medial thigh Sensory - skin of medial thigh

Question 45

Where does the femoral nerve come off

Answer 45

L2, L3, L4

Question 46

Describe the femoral nerve

Answer 46

Motor - muscles of the anterior thigh Sensory - skin of the anterior thigh, medial leg

Question 47

What are the nerves of the lumbar plexus

Answer 47

Ilioinguinal Genitofemoral Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh Obturator nerve Femoral nerve

Question 48

Where does the superior gluteal nerve come off

Answer 48

L4, L5, S1

Question 49

Describe the superior gluteal nerve

Answer 49

Motor - gluteus minimums and Medius - tensor fascia late No sensory

Question 50

Where doe the inferior gluteal nerve come off

Answer 50

L5, S1, S2

Question 51

Describe the inferior gluteal nerve

Answer 51

Motor - gluteus maximus

Question 52

Where does the sciatic nerve come off

Answer 52

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3

Question 53

Describe the sciatic nerve

Answer 53

Has a tibial and fibular portion Motor - muscles in posterior compartment of thigh - hamstring compartment of adductor magnus - all muscles in posterior compartment of leg - sole of foot - lateral and anterior compartment of leg - extensor digitorum brevis Sensory - posterolateral leg - lateral foot - sole of foot - skin of lateral leg - dorsum of foot

Question 54

Where does the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve come off

Answer 54

S1, S2, S3

Question 55

Describe the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

Answer 55

No motor Sensory - skin on posterior surface of thigh and leg - skin on peritoneum

Question 56

Where does the pudendal nerve come off

Answer 56

S2, S3, S4

Question 57

Describe the pudendal nerve

Answer 57

Motor - peritoneum - external urethral sphincter - external anal sphincter - levator ani Sensory - innervates penis/clitoris - most of the skin of the peritoneum

Question 58

Name the nerves of the sacral plexus

Answer 58

Superior gluteal nerves Inferior gluteal nerves Sciatic nerves Posterior femoral cutaneous nerves Pudendal

Question 59

What are the nerve routes of the cervical plexus

Answer 59

C1-4 Divided into two groups muscular and sensory

Question 60

What is the nerve from C3,4,5 anterior rami

Answer 60

Phrenic

Question 61

What does the phrenic nerve supply

Answer 61

Motor function to diaphragm

Question 62

What does the phrenic nerve supply

Answer 62

Motor function to diaphragm

Question 63

Describe the thoracic plexus

Answer 63

Not one Nerves distributes cutaneous to dermatomes