Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts

Question 1

What is a specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system.

Answer 1

Neuron

Question 2

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Answer 2

Muscle Spindles

Question 3

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

Answer 3

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

Question 4

A description of the bones of the body. In the human skeletal system, there are 206 bones of which approximately 177 are used in voluntary movement.

Answer 4

Skeletal system

Question 5

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.

Answer 5

Osteoclasts

Question 6

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.

Answer 6

Osteoblasts

Question 7

Muscle fibers are smaller in size, produce less force, and are fatigue resistant.

Answer 7

Type I slow-twitch

Question 8

Muscle fibers are larger in size, produce more force, and fatigue quickly.

Answer 8

Type II Fast Twitch

Question 9

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within this.

Answer 9

Myofibrils

Question 10

The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin.

Answer 10

Myofilaments

Question 11

The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere.

Answer 11

Sliding filament theory

Question 12

What are the 2 chambers of the heart

Answer 12

Atrium and ventricle

Question 13

This side of the heart gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the body and
then sends it to the right ventricle and to the lungs for oxygenation.

Answer 13

The right atrium

Question 14

This side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the left
ventricle to be pumped out into the body

Answer 14

The left atrium

Question 15

What transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the lungs,

Answer 15

Pulmonary artery

Question 16

This transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Answer 16

The pulmonary vein

Question 17

Resting heart rates for most of the population are between

Answer 17

60 and 100 beats per minute

Question 18

The overall performance of the heart (heart rate × stroke volume)

Answer 18

Cardiac output

Question 19

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).

Answer 19

Gluconeogenesis

Question 20

Anatomic location that is relatively closer to the midline of the body

Answer 20

Medial

Question 21

Anatomic location that is Relatively farther away from the midline or toward the outside of the body

Answer 21

Lateral

Question 22

Anatomic location that is positioned on the opposite side of the body

Answer 22

Contralateral

Question 23

Anatomic Location that is positioned on the same side of the body

Answer 23

Iplsilateral

Question 24

Anatomic Location that is positioned on or toward the front of the body

Answer 24

Anterior

Question 25

Anatomic Locations

Answer 25

See attached image

Question 26

Anatomic location that is positioned on or toward the back of the body

Answer 26

Posterior

Question 27

Anatomic Location that is positioned nearest to the center of the body or other identified reference point

Answer 27

Proximal

Question 28

Anatomic location that is positioned above an identified reference point

Answer 28

Inferior

Question 29

Flexion occurring at the ankle (i.e., top of the foot moves toward the shin).

Answer 29

Dorsiflexion

Question 30

Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards.

Answer 30

Plantar flexion

Question 31

Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. This muscle action is subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.

Answer 31

Isotonic

Question 32

Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint.

Answer 32

Isometric

Question 33

The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted. It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories.

Answer 33

Isokinetic

Question 34

The primary muscles providing force for a movement.

Answer 34

Agonists

Question 35

The gluteus maximus is the agonist for

Answer 35

hip extension (i.e., squats).

Question 36

The anterior deltoid is the agonist for

Answer 36

shoulder flexion (i.e., shoulder presses)

Question 37

The biceps brachii is the agonist

Answer 37

for elbow flexion (i.e., biceps curls).

Question 38

The triceps brachii is the agonist for

Answer 38

elbow extension(i.e., triceps pushdowns)

Question 39

Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement

Answer 39

Synergists

Question 40

The hamstring complex and the erector spinae are synergistic with

Answer 40

the gluteus maximus during hip extension (i.e., squats).

Question 41

The brachioradialis and brachialis (forearm muscles) assist

Answer 41

the biceps brachii during a biceps curl.

Question 42

The triceps brachii assist this agonist muscle

Answer 42

pectoral muscles during a chest press.

Question 43

The biceps brachii assist this agonist muscle

Answer 43

latissimus dorsi during a pull-up.

Question 44

Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves.

Answer 44

Stabilizers

Question 45

These are examples of what? The transversus abdominis (a deep abdominal muscle), internal obliques, and multifidus (deep muscles of the spine) stabilize the LPHC during hip extension (i.e., squats). The rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis), stabilize the shoulder during upper extremity movements.

Answer 45

Stabilizers

Question 46

Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles

Answer 46

Antagonists

Question 47

The biceps brachii (an elbow flexor) is an antagonist to

Answer 47

the triceps brachii during elbow extension (i.e., triceps pushdown).

Question 48

During elbow flexion, the triceps become the antagonist

Answer 48

to the biceps (i.e., biceps curl).

Question 49

The hip flexor complex is antagonistic to

Answer 49

the gluteus maximus during hip extension (i.e., squats).

Question 50

The latissimus dorsi is antagonistic to

Answer 50

the deltoids during a shoulder press.

Question 51

movements anchor the body to the ground or immovable object Push-ups • Pull-ups • Squats • Lunges

Answer 51

Closed Chain

Question 52

movement involves the distal limb moving freely in space Biceps curls • Lat pulldowns • Bench presses • Leg curls • Leg extensions

Answer 52

Open Chain

Question 53

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

Answer 53

Length tension relationship

Question 54

When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.

Answer 54

Altered length tension relationship

Question 55

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.

Answer 55

Reciprocal inhibition

Question 56

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.

Answer 56

Altered reciprocal inhibition

Question 57

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.

Answer 57

Muscle imbalance

Question 58

To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically).

Answer 58

Integrated performance paradigm

Question 59

The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint

Answer 59

Force-couple relationship

Question 60

levers have the fulcrum in the middle, like a seesaw. Nodding the head is an example of a first-class lever, with the top of the spinal column as the fulcrum.

Answer 60

First Class levers

Question 61

levers have a resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side, similar to a load in a wheelbarrow where the axle and wheel are the fulcrum points. The body acts as a second-class lever when one engages in a fullbody push-up or calf raise.

Answer 61

2nd class levers

Question 62

have the effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum. The effort always travels a shorter distance and must be greater than the resistance.

Answer 62

3rd class levers Most limbs of the human body operate as third-class levers. An example of a thirdclass lever is the human forearm; the fulcrum is the elbow, the effort is applied by the biceps brachii muscle, and the load is in the hand, such as a dumbbell when performing a biceps curl. Another example of a third-class lever is the standing hamstring curl, whereby the knee joint is the fulcrum, hamstring muscle is the effort, and resistance is at the ankle.

Question 63

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.

Answer 63

Motor Behavior

Question 64

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

Answer 64

Motor Control

Question 65

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior

Answer 65

Motor learning

Question 66

Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span.

Answer 66

Motor development

Question 67

Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.

Answer 67

Internal feedback

Question 68

Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.

Answer 68

External feedback

Question 69

An energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10–15 seconds, via anaerobic metabolism.

Answer 69

ATP-PC system Example exercises that predominately use the ATP-PC system include: o Short sprints o Olympic weightlifting o Jumping and plyometrics

Question 70

A metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell that converts glucose into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate.

Answer 70

Glycolytic system Anaerobic glycolysis refers to when this process occurs in the absence of oxygen. It lasts longer, with a capacity of approximately 30 to 60 seconds of duration. • Example exercises that predominately use the glycolytic system include: o Strength training (8-12 repetitions)

Question 71

a process that uses oxygen to convert food substrates into ATP. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation, and it is defined as an aerobic process because it needs oxygen to complete the reactions

Answer 71

Oxidative system The most complex of the three energy systems Example exercises that predominately use the oxidative system include: o Jogging and running for an extended period

Question 72

The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise.

Answer 72

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Question 73

What are the fluid recommendations

Answer 73

11. 5 cups a day (2.7 L) of fluid for women 15. 5 cups (3.7 L) of fluid for men

Question 74

Macronutrients and alcohol energy

Answer 74

Protein: 4 calories per gram * Carbohydrate: 4 calories per gram * Lipid (fat): 9 calories per gram * Alcohol: 7 calories per gram

Question 75

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Answer 75

A, D, E, K

Question 76

Water Soluble Vitamins

Answer 76

C, B

Question 77

Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR)

Answer 77

Protein: 10% to 35% of total calories Carbohydrate: 45% to 65% of total calories Lipid (fat): 20% to 35% of total calories

Question 78

The storage of carbohydrates in animals and humans. Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells

Answer 78

Glycogen

Question 79

A metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell that converts glucose into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate. Anaerobic glycolysis refers to when this process occurs in the absence of oxygen. It lasts longer, with a capacity of approximately 30 to 60 seconds of duration.

Answer 79

Glycolytic system

Question 80

Polyunsaturated fat source that provides anti-inflammatory properties

Answer 80

Omega-3 fatty acid

Question 81

Substance considered a catabolic hormone, is produced by the adrenal cortex and is sensitive to blood sugar and sleep. Stimulated by the adrenal cortex, may be used to aid in recovery from exercise and as a marker of overtraining

Answer 81

Cortisol

Question 82

An energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10–15 seconds, via anaerobic metabolism. • Example exercises that predominately use the ATP-PC system include: o Short sprints o Olympic weightlifting o Jumping and plyometrics

Answer 82

ATP-PC system

Question 83

The most complex of the three energy systems is the oxidative system—a process that uses oxygen to convert food substrates into ATP. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation, and it is defined as an aerobic process because it needs oxygen to complete the reactions. • Example exercises that predominately use the oxidative system include: o Jogging and running for an extended period

Answer 83

Oxidative system