Basic Biology Flashcards
(182 cards)
1
Q
What is “living earth”
A
A unique place, with characteristics that help you place them into different groups or organims.
2
Q
What is the definition of life in biology
A
the property/quality that distinguishes living things from dead organisms & inanimate matter that relates to functions- like metabolism, growth, reproduction and response to environment
3
Q
what are some of life’s unifying characteristics
A
- living things take in & 2use energy & materials = metabolism
- living things sense & respond to stimuli
- living things consist of 1 or more cells= cell theory
- living things maintain homeostasis- overall internal stability
- living things grow & reproduce
- all living things contain DNA & RNA `
4
Q
how do we define metabolism in bio?
A
process by which cells acquire & use energy to maintain themselves, grow, & make more cells ( ex: producers, herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, decomposers)
5
Q
how do we define the response to change in bio?
A
external & internal stimuli response, homeostasis & internal environment
6
Q
what is the importance of DNA’s structure?
A
it will tell you the sequence of the double helix-the genes that will be made or inherited
7
Q
an organ system is defined as?
A
a group of tissues that work together to play out a function/role
8
Q
a living organism is defined as?
A
various organs together to create a speceies
9
Q
what is a population?
A
group of 1 species living together that are all the same
10
Q
what is conspecific?
A
individuals that are all the same species
11
Q
a community can be defined as?
A
a bunch of different species interacting with one another ( parasite living off its host)
12
Q
a biome can be defined as?
A
several communities throughout a group - think communities of trees that are found in GA or VA or NY
13
Q
what is the diversity of life?
A
millions of species on earth today. 99.9% of species that have ever lived on earth are now extinct
14
Q
what are the 3 domains of life?
A
Bacteria- (eubacteria)
Archaea-(archaebacteria)
Eukarya-(eukaryotes, all have eukarya cells but not all multicellular)
15
Q
what is the taxonomic hierarchy?
A
how we classify the different terms of a species
(DOMAIN) King Philp Came Over For some Great Spaghetti
16
Q
how is this vast diversity possible?
A
Fitness= the ability of a species to reproduce & make VIABLE offspring- can reproduce themseveles
17
Q
who is darwin?
A
Darwin is a guy who studies adaptations and the natural selection of life.
18
Q
how is evolution defined in bio?
A
broadly, a change in form & behavior of organisms between generations.
-species relationships, speciation, extinction, paleobiology
19
Q
what are the 3 ways in which we can define a species’ fitness or diversity?
A
- biological species concept: strengths & weaknesses of them
- morphological concept
- genetics of species concept
20
Q
how is evolution defined in bio?
A
broadly, a change in form & behavior of organisms between generations.
-species relationships, speciation, extinction, paleobiology
21
Q
what is the term microevolution?
A
changes in specific alleles over time- genetic scale
22
Q
what is the term macroevolution?
A
changes in species over time- millions of years
23
Q
how do we define, biogeography in bio?
A
study of patterns in geographic distribution of species ( home ranges )
24
Q
what does endemic means?
A
they are usually found in one area, native to there. I’m native to NOVA
25
how do we use fossils as evidence?
evidence of earlier forms of life stratigraphy- study of many different rock layers from throughout time.
26
the law of superposition?
we can date & tell how long they've been there from this law
with this, we can see that the changes make evolution a force action on most species
27
what is evolutionary fitness?
successful indication, successful BC of the varients traits inherited by parents
28
what is adaptation
key to fitness- some heritable aspect of form, function, behavior, or development that improves survival & reproduction capacity
29
Darwinism
- natural selection is inexorable & unavoidable
-evidence for evolution & natural selection not to much tinkering of OG idea, just some expansion on idea
30
what is exhibit A of Darwinism?
fossil record- remains and impressions of organisms that lived in the past
most animal life ( bones, teeth, shells), seeds, spores & other parts- not all organisms will fossil though, i.e-jellyfish.
31
relative dating & law of superposition
changes in certain lineages over time infer changes in environment over geological time
32
what is the law of succession?
shows a common ancestry: fossils & living organisms in the same geographic region resemble each other but are distant organisms found in other areas
33
transitional forms?
idea: if life forms are descended with modification from earlier forms, then fossils records would capture it as well as transmutations in the organisms
34
what does extant mean
still alive part of the ancestors
35
what does extinct mean
dead part of ancestors
36
what is exhibit B of Darwinism
plate tectonics, patterns of glacial deposits & fossils. changes on land, the ocean & atmosphere influenced "life's evolution"
37
what is exhitbit C of darwinism
morphology- study of body forms & structures of major groups of organisms- yields for other similarities in one or more body forms of organisms
38
what are homologous structures?
evidence of divergence events
39
what is morphological divergence?
changes in body form that give rise to common ancestor
40
what is morphological convergence
NOT homologous structures, environmental pressures that cause 2 completely different species to develop some similar traits
41
analogous structures
similar functions but are derived evolutionarily & developmentally, from different sources structures- NO COMMON ANCESTOR
42
aposematic coloration
warning coloration that animals give off, they use these as defense mechanisms from prey
43
vestigial structures
useless or rudimentary versions of a body part that has an important function in other, closely related species- like goosebumps or the thought that snakes used to have feet
44
what is exhibit D of darwinsin
patterns in embryonic development- was shown that development patterns shifted due to mutations in homeotic genes/HOX genes
45
what is exhibit E of darwinism
biochemistry- protein & AA sequences compared nucleic acid comparisons- nucleotide sequence
46
what is the microevolutionary process?
change in allele frequencies in a population over time
47
what is a control model in biology?
genetic equilibrium- hardy-Weinberg equilibrium- evolution does not occur under this model- four processes that drive out population of genetic equilibrium
48
mutations?
raw materials for evolutionary change, what the rate of mutations fitness effects? lethal, natural, beneficial mutations. ( accusations of mutations lead to evolution )
49
genetic drift & alleles moving to fixation
over 3 generations- we can see that generations change & mutate.
50
what are bottleneck events?
completely wiping out a populations
51
what is a conservation application of gene flow
with small populations known to scientist, to promote genetic diversity across subpopulations they will create wildlife corridors to help keep up with genetic diversity in a population where life is low
52
what are the different types of natural selection
1. directional selection: allele frequencies give rise to a range of variations in phenotype that tend to shift in consistent direction
2. stabilizing selection: the intermediate forms of a trait in a population are favored & alleles from the extreme phenotype are favored
3. disruptive selection: both ends of the extreme alleles are favored rather than the middle
53
what are the different MacroEvolutionary Speciation?
it is a process by which an ancestral species gives rise to a pair of daughter species.- speciation on the macro level
54
what are the different models
isolation of a population
divergence in traits
reproduction of isolation
55
what happens if the gene flow between populations ends?
genetic divergence follows with the population, when gene pools of isolated populations diverge, mutation, natural selection & genetic drift work independently on each population it acts on
56
what are the 3 categories of reproductive barriers?
1. prezygotic barriers - NO MATING HAPPENS
2. prezygotic barriers- attempted matting
3. post-zygotic barriers- development actually starts
57
what happens in prezygotic barriers - NO MATING HAPPENS
habitat isolation- their habitat causes them to adapt and change
temporal isolation- the organisms living in this area might have different times, seasons, etc. of mating
behavioral isolation- the organisms have different ways of eliciting a mate.
58
what happens in prezygotic barriers- attempted matting
mechanical isolation- their genetic openings are not aligned so they cant mate
gametic isolation- they do not want to mate with certain of species of the same kind
59
what happens in post-zygotic barriers- development actually starts
reduced hybrid viability- they can only reproduce with others of their own kind only
hybrid sterility- can only reproduce to make the offspring but the offspring can not reproduce
60
what is allopatric speciation?
physical barriers arise & stop gene flow between 2 populations & subpopulations of species
61
what are some examples of allopatric speciation?
different types of 4 legged possibly ancestral species got separated by some physical barrier. like a mountain or an ocean or an island chain etc. does not have to be dramatic, could even be a valley
62
sympatric speciation
species may form within the home ranges of an existing species.
63
what is rates of speciation
phyletic gradualism: states that the rate of change/new species created happens at a constant state
64
what is the difference between gradualism & punctuated equilibrium
states that the rate of speciation starts off low then expands drastically then goes back down, shoots back up, goes down, etc.
65
what is evolutionary stasis
periods of no mating of that species or no speciations
66
what are some characteristics of prokaryotic life?
no membrane-bound nuclei
generally a single chromosome w no associated proteins many also contain plasmids
cell wall present in most species
reproduction by prokaryotic fission
great metabolic diversity
67
what are some of the basic structures of the prokaryotic cell?
Pilus- for helping stick to the structure/cell trying to attack
capsule- for keeping all the organelles inside the cell wall * membrane & drying out
ribosome- organelles inside the cell
chromosomal DNA- localized in region called nucleoid different than the nucleus!!
Flagellum- helps w/ movement & attachment as well
68
what are exotoxins
are proteins produced INside pathogenic bacteria. most common gram-positive bacteria
69
what are endotoxins
are lipid portions that are part of Outer membrane of cell wall of gram-negative bacteria toxins are liberated when bacteria die
70
what is the asexual gene in bacterial reproduction?
Orei ( single gene ), reproduction does happen at the same time
71
how does the maintenance of gene diversity happen in bacterial reproduction?
bacterial conjugation
72
how can we see the metabolic diversity?
via:
- different groups, shapes, lengths of bacteria= ID
- seeing the role O2 plays on the bacteria
73
what is the difference in Obligate aerobes and anaerobes?
one needs O2 ( aerobes ) to survive the other doesn't need it (anaerobes)
74
what is facultative anaerobes?
can survive with or without O2
75
what are some good & bad examples of relationships with bacteria
BAD: Lyme diesease, MRSA, STAPH, where time a virus attacks a host
GOOD: forms a mutualists relationship with soil, helps with uptake of K+
76
what is Biolumenises or Bioremediation
organisms with good bacteria form a light at night to help see where they are going can help with mating. bacteria chemically made to help clean up things like oil spills
77
what is a virus?
not a cell, it must have a vector to reproduce, must contain a nucleic acid, may have more structure to help its development
- they are small, their genome is either DNA/RNA
- they can spread via horizontal- human to human or vertical- mom to fetus
78
what are viruses' major feature
nucleic acid: DNA/RNA
capsid: protein shell encloses viral genome
viral envelope: surrounds capsid, derived from host membrane
spikes: attach site for cell to host
79
what are viruses' life stages
attach to host- penetration of host to cell- take over of host viral nucleic acid & proteins for replication to then be released back into host== lytic cycle
80
what is lysis?
viruses releasing from cell to infect and find a new host
81
what is lysogenic cycle?
this allows cell to stay dormant in host, instead of phage DNA degrading & finding a new cell it will incorporate itself into DNA becoming prophage & will copy itself into daughter cell being made
82
how do we treat and prevent viral infections?
we cannot treat with antibodies, can be prevented with vaccines and antiviral drugs
83
what is co-evolutionary arms race?
when both medicine & antibodies are in competition with virus to keep up and stay #1 in the race. creating new viruses or creating new meds
84
indicator species are important for
changes in environment- they are the 1st species to feel or detect any changes or pollution in air around
85
what are some general characteristics of animals
*animals are multicellular, most haVe tissue, organs & organ systems
* aerobic heterotrophs
*sexual reproduction- in most
*mobility- at some/most stages of life
*lack cell walls
EX: invertebrate diversity= makes up 95% of known world, & vertebrates make up other 5%
86
what types of body symmetry do animals have?
either bilateral or radial symmetry.
bilateral terms- like human terms & "cat" terms like anatomy
87
cephalization can be defined as?
concentration of sense organs & nervous control @ anterior end of body
88
how does embryonic development happen in animal life?
zygote, 8-cell stage, blastula, cross-section of blastula- cleavage (in between the cross-section and 8-cell stage to help decide which type of cell it wants to become.)- gastrulation then a grastula forms
most cells do not have a mesoderm yet, it will form soon...
89
how can the layers of the body be defined ?
ectoderm (epidermis of skin), endoderm (epithelial), mesoderm( notochord) ,
with each of these, we can see what type of animal will be formed as well
weather or not it will be diploblastic or triploblastic or radial or bilateral
90
what is a coelom & its function in animals?
a fluid/air-filled sac, located between stomach & intestines and the outer body wall
function?- prevent injury to internal organs, enables organs to grow & move independently of outer body wall
91
coeloms form with?
a true coelom will form with the mesoderm
animals that have this in their bodies can be defined as coelomates
EX: all vertebrates ( few groups of invertebrates)
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pseudocoelomates are what?
animals with a coelom that forms with BOTH mesoderm & endoderm- ancestor of coelomates
EX: nematoda's
93
Acoelomates are what?
they lack a body cavity- ancestors of pseudocoelomates
EX: platyhelminthes- MUST REMAIN FLAT
94
read protostome & deuterostome development page
how many differences are we looking for?
95
5 evolutionary relationships between animals we see today
1. all animals share common ancestor= colonial flagellate
2. sponges are the most ancestral animals
3. eumetazoans is a clade of animals with true tissues ( everything BUT sponges)
4. most animals demonstrate bilateral symmetry
5. chordates & echinoderms are deuterostomes
96
how do we use REVERSAL in biology?
where you would expect the trait but it's actually not there. like ancestor animals may or may not have the same body plans all the time
97
how do we define invertebrates?
most ancestral & ancient animals
98
what are the "class" sponges' charartisteritcs?
PHYLUM: Porifera
- body's with pores, canals & chambers that form a unique system of water currents- depend on O2 to be gathered in here & food
- mostly food in sea, or all aquatic environment
- typically no symmetry
- interior surface lined w/ choanocytes that create the H2O currents in water
- skeletal system is made of collagen ( spongin) & crystalline spicules- for protection
- no organs/true tissue, so excretion & respiration, by simple diffusion- some electrical stimulation
- sessile & attached to ocean floor
- asexual & sexual reproduction= budding ( leaving egg on path) & egg and sperm
99
what is some diversity of the spicules seen in this class
a rigid skeleton composed of either calcium/ silica- can be in much different structure or shapes
100
PHYLUM: Cnidaria charatertisicts
- extensible tentacles
- entirely aquatic- some sea animals
- nematocysts
- radial symmetry
- 2 body types: polyps= sessile ( can switch only in some). Medusae- mobile all through life
- extracellular digestion= breakdown b4 enter "cell/body"
- Nerve Net=mesh of nerves, all over the place no CNS
- no true organs- NO! excretory/respiratory system- diffusion accomplishes this
- tissues- diploblastic
101
facts of the class hydrozoa
- we can see them with the naked eye but small
- they come in two forms- polyp phase( asexual) & medusa phase ( sexual)
- maturing polyps; they are hamohriditic
gonotheca: opens up to a gonopore= sexually reproducing medusa buds-
hydrotheca: terminate hydroanth tenticles- linked with hypototics to catch food
102
facts of the class Scyphozoa & Cubozoa
these are the true jellyfish
-mobile during life form, produces that bell medusa shape- feed with tentacles & use for defense as well
103
facts of the class Anthozoa
sea fans= church fan shape
anthozoan corals: important ocean homes & organisms form base of major ecosystems, mutualistic relationship with zooxanthellae. without we see coral bleaching!
104
how can we define Lophotrochozoa
Platyhelminthes- the most ancient life from
annelids
or mollusks
why? production of the trochophore larvae at beginning of development organ system development
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facts of phyla Platyhelminthes
- marine, freshwater, or damp land environments
- flattened bodies, microscopic ~30m long- some tapeworms
- they are acoelomates but are triploblastic
- respiration & gas exchange via diffusion- reason for moist environment
- clusters of flame cells= protonephridia- early excretory systems
- organized nervous system ( CNS )
106
facts about "class" turbellaria: planaria
extremely tiny can see with naked eye
~1-1.5mm in length- within this class- evolution of body systems
- branched gut, from this they have pharynx protrusion on the anterior/ventral side of body
- clusters of excretory cells= protonephridia made up of individual flame cells-- job is to filter fluid through tiny openings @ bottom of flame cell we also see a nervous system
107
facts about "class" flukes
- found in tropical living organisms, parasitic organisms as well
- flukes can live in human intestine
-they are ~1mm in length
- they will exit the human feces and go into snails to grow and exit via snail feces after
108
facts about "class" cestoda= tapeworms
usually from undercooked meat.
larvae in meat enter via food humans eat and infect small intestine and human becomes intermediate host
proglottis can leave human from feces & then infect veggies, water & soil & renters "meat" system
109
phyla annelids
marine, freshwater & terrestrial living
ecology: mostly free living or ectoparasitic
triploblastic body
coelom well developed unlike flatworms
complete digestive system 1 tube from mouth to anus
asexual & sexual reproduction- both female & male organs
nephridia= pair on each segment of body: early excretory systems
respiratory system= through skin (cutaneously)- if in water aquatic diffusion
CLOSED circulatory systems
110
facts about "class" Polychaeta
largest class of annelids, 10K + species. most = 5-10cm some even 3m!
many are euryhaline- can tolerate a wide variety of salinity
significant part of marine food chains
parapodia- muscle, bristled, appendages, used locomotion & sensation
symbiotic relationships with bacteria
111
facts about "class" Oligochaeta
= earthworms
- share a reproductive structure called a clitellim- a ring of secretory cells in epidermis that appears on the worms exterior as a fat band- they lost parapodia and now move by hydrostatic skeleton
circular bands of muscles along body segments
small worms emerge from cocoons
organ systems a little more complex than planarian= 5 hearts= aortic arches
evolutionary idea= sollow tiny sediments to help with mashing food and digesting b/c no teeth
112
facts about "class" Hirudinea
= leeches
- very similar to earthworms, live off blood!
113
phyla Mollusca
mantle- dorsal part of body & shell- some created by the mantle
-marine, freshwater & terrestrial habitats
- bilateral symmetry
- triploblastic & true coelom
- many have radulas- a rasping tongue for feeding
-advances in nervous system- sensory organs- very high levels of cephalization in cephalopods
-most are sexual reproducing
- OPEN circulatory systems
114
"class" polyplacaphra
can be labeled as chitons
where you can see the the mantle the most
115
"class" Bivalvia
examples of them can be - mussels, clams, scallops & oysters, most are filter feeders
range in size ~1m
no head, radula, & very little cephalization
most are marine, many live in streams & lakes
economically important!!!!
& ecologically
116
"class" Gastropoda
largest & most diverse of mollusks
ex: slugs, whelks, conchs, sea slugs, hares & butterflies
70K living species & 15K known fossils
slow, sluggish, sedentary B/c of heavy shells
have different ways of claiming & burrowing in sand
117
"class" Cephalopoda
all marine & active predators
size range ~2-3cm to 60ft
modifications= muscular foot concentrated in head region, very sensitive to degrees of salt in h2o
various life forms
- octopuses, squid, nautiluses & cuttlefish
high levels of cephalization&cognition
118
why do we use the word Ecdysozoa
ecdysis= process of casting off outer cuticle; used to accommodate growth
119
phyla Nematoda
roundworms 25K species
- aquatic habitats, soil, tissues of plants & animals
- body covered in a cuticle, which molts to enlarge body and create a new one
- complete digestive system, but no circulatory system= diffusion
- most reproduce sexually with important roles in decomposition & nutrient cycling- many are parasitic
- pseudocoelom
120
phyla Arthropoda
complete gut, much-reduced coelom
OPEN circulatory systems
millions of know species, crustaceans, insects, myriapods, etc.
hardened exoskeleton- chitin
jointed appendages, specialized segments, fused in some respiratory sensory structures & special development stages like metamorphosis in some even
body parts= head, thorax, abdomen, & Malpighian tubes in some
121
SUBPHLA: Myriapoda
~10K species, "many footed"
paired appendages on almost all segments
two classes: centipedes (Chilopoda) & millipedes (Diplopoda)
centipedes have venom= for defense
respiration= tracheae & excretion by the Malpighian tubes
some have reputational glands positioned along side of body
122
SUBPHLYA: Chelicerata.
what are the 3 major classes found here?
1. Pycnogonida: sea spiders
2. Merostomata: horseshoe carbs-- tail telson help flip them over when stuck
3. Arachnida: spiders
123
Araneae facts
40K species throughout the world
- chelicerae- front appendages- have terminal fangs w/ venom glands.
pair of leglike pedipalps, function being- sensory & maybe used in transfer of sperm
4 pairs of walking legs that terminate in claws
ecological important for the insect population
124
scorpiones facts
interesting life history-
Opiliones-harvestmen- daddy long legs- eat decomposing veggies & life, non-venomous & not harmful to humans noxious secretion for defense
big cawls= venomous
small cawls= non-venomous
125
Acari facts
ticks & mites- species exist all over- many are parasitic & pathogenic very successful in all habitats
126
Crustaceans facts
mainly marine life, few freshwater & terrestrial species
2 pair of antennae & anterior maxillae to manipulate prey towards mandibles for feeding
some segments bear appendages- highly segmented for mobility
respiration- structures similar to gills- to help with breathing in environments
Cephalothorax- one more thoracic segment are fused with head
Carapace- covers cephalothorax- on dorsal end as a protective shell
127
what is the largest 2nd class found here
Malacostraca: lobsters, crabs, shrimp, etc.
Largest- meaning diverse & obvious ecological & economic importance
128
SUBPHYLA: Hexapoda- Insecta
Hexapoda= 6 legs
most diverse & abundant group of arthropods
most successful group of anthropods
~30 million species
study of insects= entomology
usually two pairs of wings on thoracic region
range from >1mm-20cm in size
reduced coelom
most diverse in tropical regions of world
129
some Insecta Facts
OPEN circulation
complete digestive system; Proventinculus= area & stomach that contains tooth-like structure that grind & pulverize food & gastric ceca= chemical digestion
crop= hold food similar to annlaids
nervous= brain & ventral ganglion along a nerve cord similar to spinal column, CNS extremely advanced nervous system
130
why are arthropods been so successful
#1 make up 75% of the animals worldwide
versatile exoskeleton- tough body structure
efficient locomotion, air piped directly to cells
highly developed sensory organs
relationship with angiosperms= Co- evolution
131
PHYLA: Echinodermata
Deuterostomes!!!
- water vascular system- locomotion, food/waste, transportation, respiration
- marine habitats
- radial symmetry, radial nerve ( NO CNS )
- little to no cephalization, no excretory organs
- triploblastic body
-endoskeleton contains millions of calcium, carbonate components called Ossicles- additionally, they have spines, spicules for protection help give it its structure
-complete digestive system
- regeneration of tissues, asexual reproduction by fragmentation
blood-vascular system much reduced, blood fluid circulation by cilia
132
Asteroidea: seastars
anantomy= aboral surface & oral surface
aboral- contains a madreporite- water vascular system inside here, to help filter water through themselves
oral- contains the mouthhh
133
what makes phlya chordates them?
presence of a notochord= rod of stiffened but flexible tissue for support of body
nerve cord running parallel w/ notochord & guy. anterior ends develop into brain
gill slits penetrate the wall of pharynx
til extend past the anus
- developments are seen at some point in embryo development all features are present in chordata embryo
134
SUMPHLYA: Urochordates
sea squirts= tunicates
- larvae are bilateral swimmers, display all characteristics seen in chordates
- larvae get sucked back in ( at some point)- all things that they have no use for anymore
- get attached to a substrate & become sessile filter feeders- adult life
- jellylike tunic around the pharynx
- wide range of aquatic habitats
pharnyx= for digestion & respiration organ since filter feeders. they have (excurrent & current) siphons- grab & spit out food, gill slits, & no jaws.
child is mobile & adult is sessile
135
SUBPHLYA: Cephalochordata
lancelets- closest relative to vertebrata(Humans)
body displays all Chordata features throughout life
like humans- has head & simple brain & includes neurons- nerve cord- terminate to eye spot ( sensory!!!)
segmented muscles like vertebrate
filter feeders ( NO jaw)
136
facts about Vertebrata-
pharynx completely shifts to gas exchange
accessory digestive organs ( Ex: liver,pancreas )
chambered heart & tripartite brain ( forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain)
cephalization- the sensory organs
hemoglobin- affinity for O2 in RBC
kidneys & endocrine system
137
Class Myxini
= Hagfish
no true vertebra column
first group w/ Cranium!!! ( here on out we see this )
cartilage= protects brain= NO BONE
less than a meter long & nearly blind- find food w/ sensory tentacles
low metabolic rates- fairly sedentary
Predatory Denfese mechanism- on ventral side of body= produces mucus to drown prey, they can also see it before going after them so they run the other way
138
Class Petromyzontida: lampreys
have a cranium BUT become distant from hagfish b/c of presence of vertebrate
jawless & parasitic w/ small cerebellum present
sensory structures- eye wells, two pairs of semicircular canals for balance
larvae=ammocoetes & are well developed in great lakes
w/ ecological issues= eat through native fish/ animals they eat & leave a huge hole like caterpillars & they can't sell them at all
139
Chondrichthyes
= Shark & Rays ~900 species
structure of body= cartilage no bone & jaws!
oily liver- protects body & helps float in whatever H2O current they are in
study of fishes= Ichthyology
external body forms= rostrum- anterior portion of nose for sensory
5-7 external gill openings= receptor for fishes
constantly shed their teeth= Polyphydont Teeth
3 semicircular canals ( ancestors= 2)
2 chambered hearts
Viviparous
140
MoRe ChArAcTERistics:
Amazing Senses: Heightened Like Crazyyyy
Neuromast cells- found in a lateral line like a spinal cord
Mechanoreceptors & Electrorecpetion::: there to detect movement in water= Ampullae of Lorenzini- sensory cells that are sensitive to electrical potentials, detect prey; some sharks even have stereo smell: to detect blood from miles away 1 part per million. very good vision even if on sides of faces
Jelly-filled canals that's concentrated in rostrum are electroreceptive pulses, and are passed onto a bundle of nerves ( of Lorenzini) that sits at the base of canals
141
what is the differences between Viviparous & Oviparous
Viviparous- lay live young
Oviparous- lay eggs to hatch later
142
Various Caudal Fins
Heterocercal- ancestral fin= sharks & asymmetrical
Diphycercal- lungfish= bony- derived fish; close to amphibians
Homocercal- perches= bony fish & symmetrical
143
Reproduction in Sharks
internal fertilization- they actually wrap around female sharks with pelvic claspers to hold them down in certain currents
they also see an Increased Investment in young because of this harsh sexual process
144
Different Scales
Cycloid & Ctenoid (teleost fish as well)= Derived Condition of scaled
Placoid= cartilage fishes
Ganoid= Nonbellost bony fish
Cycloid= teleost fish
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Taxonomy Of the Chondrichthyes
all have cartilaginous skeletons- 1 major difference between the sub-classes: we see JAWS here
Holocephali: Ratfish & Rays = 4 gill slits
Elasmobranchii: Sharks= 5-7 gill slits
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Holocephali
common names= Ratfish, rabbitfish, spookfish, ghostfish ( ~ 25 species )
remnants left of line that diverged from the shark lineage during the Devonian ( 300 MYA)
jaws bear large flat plates upper jaw fused to cranium, grinding dentition.
Bizarre shape, not well understood & rarely caught. beautifully colored & iridescent
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Skates & Rays 3 major differences
Skates: elongated but thick tail stalks supporting 2 dorsal fins & a terminal caudal fin, Oviparous
Rays: whiplike tail fins, replaced w/ one or more enlarged, serrated & venomous dorsal barbs, Viviparous
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Actinopterygii
Ray-finned fish
major adaptive radiation in Devonian 300 MYA- THE age of fish- 27K species
bony skeleton, homocercal tail, ganoid scales in ancestral forms, cycloid or ctenoid in derived forms
paired fins supported by lepidotrichia- sharp ray-like bones in fins
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Class Osteichthyes factss
lateral line = same as in sharks
spiny = homocercal; operculum= which covers gills for direct protection of them
countercurrent exchange: small amount of O2 inside gills but higher concentration outside of body so the exchange is like passive diffusion- the folds of the gills increase surface area
swim bladder for buoyancy
2 heart chambers: nucleated erythrocytes RBC
Excretion= better-developed- kidneys
external fertilization
3 semicirculation & a brain with a small cerebrum & cerebellum
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Sarcopterygii
Lobe-Finned Fish
noticeable morphological characteristics
superficially similar to amphibians (transitional Species)
only & extant species within 2 orders:
Diphycercal tail & Fertilization= External & Internal
Beginning of evolution of lungssss
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Coelacanthiformes ( basal ) : Coelacanth
an ancient group & only 2 species
fairly sedentary; scientists think they had lungs back in the day but now they don't
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Dipnoi ( derived species)
Lungfish
Australian Lungfish: neoceratodus Forsteri ( ancestral)
swim via undulations/ Walking fins
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Amphibians Facts
fully developed lungs
we see 3 orders in this class
why did they move to land?
- changes in their environment?- aquatic types became inhospitable
- open terrestrial niches
- adaptations to shallow water/pond edges
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what about respiration? skin? Limbs? Fertilization?
limbs usually Quadrupedal & Tetrapods- four digits ( some reversals)
body forms vary greatly
smooth skin, moist, and glandular
respiration= lungs and some cutaneous ( why we see the moist skin)
ectothermic= regulation of body temp depends on external surfaces
3 heart chambers & double circulation
Tympanic membrane & stapes = frogs & paired nostrils ( chemoreception)
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How does the Frog's 3 chambered heart pump blood?
Vena Cava - right atrium- sinus venosus- ventricle- come out the pulmocutaneous artery- then back into lungs- pulmonary vein- left atrium- ventricle - aorta- systemic artery- then to rest of body
this is the reason they have double circulation
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Order Caudata
Salamanders & Newts
655 species; greatest diversity seen in N. & Central America
early salamanders are more adapted to an aquatic life, while other derived salamanders are adapted to terrestrial life
Respiratory reversals seen= something like gills in a crown shape or around their necks
and some are even blind!
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which group of salamanders are very successful?
Family: Plethodontidae
most diverse salamander family
widest geographic distribution
cutaneous respiration- some with Nasolabial Grooves- enhances Chemoreceptio= greater surface area
tongues can stick out to 1.5X their body length when capturing prey
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Order Anura: Frogs!
5000+ species
found everywhere on earth except antarctic
jumping ability is most conspicuous adaptation
entire body acts lever when jumping
Metamorphosis seen in them
changes in feeding with life forms
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Adaptation seen for jumping in Frogs
long limbs
fused bones in limbs
short vertebral column
pelvic gridle= used as a shock absorber
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Metamorphosis Shifts in Frogs
1. Habitat
2. Locomotion
3. Diet
4. Respiration
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Order Gymnophiona - Caecilians
~2,000 species, found in tropical regions
legless- they burrow in dirt and some are aquatic
tentacle lies between nostril & eyes & is used as chemical sense organ
some are Oviparous & some are Viviparous
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why do we care that there is a decline in amphibian life?
they are indicator species!!!! climate change, land use change, acid precipitation, pollution of chemicals all things they sense & can help control along with disease, cultural icons, aesthetic appeal
population task force developed in 1991
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Amniotes Facts
reptiles, birds, and mammals are found here
Amniotic eggs, now inhibit terrestrial ecosystems
waterproof skin
coastal ( moving of lungs) ventilation using paired lungs
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The Amniotic Egg
4 major chambers: Amnion, Allantois, Chorion, Yolk Sac
Leathery Outer Shell for protection
next- chorion, allantois, yolk sac which hold the embryo and help it receive all nutrients it needs to grow
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How do we distinguish between amniotes and amphibians
they have:
better developed lungs
tough, dry scaly skin that offers protection against desiccation & physical injury
amniotic egg permits rapid development of large young in dry environments they live
efficient & versatile circulatory system & higher blood pressure then amphibians
efficient strategies for water conservation
nervous system is much more complex
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Order Testudines
TURTLES
earliest know= Eunotosaurus africanus- 260 million year ago ( B4 Dinosaurs)
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the two extant lineages are?
Pleurodires: side-necked turtles found in S. Hemisphere
Cryptodires: hidden neck turtles found in N. Hemisphere ~350 species total
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Lifestyle of Turtles
pretty much the same since Triassic
successful way of life- followed by little change
shell be an evolutionary constraint: no gliding flying or highly arboreal turtles in the world
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Turtle Anatomy
Neck, and a Fused Vertebrae on shell/ Carapace
presents of ribs
and a plastron on bottom of body that moves forward when scared so neck to tuck in a little
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what are the different types we see & their reproduction?
soft-shell turtle
tortoises
sea turtles
= all Oviparous
& Sexual encounters are temperature dependent meaning when they lay eggs depending on the temperatures they grow in they will be male( colder) or female ( warmer). Pivotal or changing temps will produce a mix
after they hatch- they need to migrate to water and many-most don't make it
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Order Squamata & Order Crocodilia
IMPORTANT CLADES HERE
snakes & lizards= Lepiodsauria
crocs & birds= Archosauria
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what are the different types of Temporal Fenestration ?
Anapsid= turtles
synapsid= mamals
diapsid= other reptiles/ birds
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SubOrder: Serpentes
~3000 species of snakes known- out of that how many are venomous? ~600 of those species so HALF ~200 are deadly for humans- neurotoxic, hemotoxic, and constriction are many of the deadly things you need to look out for in snakes
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Snake mouth arrangement
Nostrils- pit organ ( loreal pit), fangs- some with discharge orifice for venom, glottis, venom gland inside of mouth kinda on roof, venom duct as well
Loreal Pit function= detection of infrared radiation given from other organisms when feeding
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what are some advancements in olfaction (etc.) in snakes?
the Vomeronasal Organ that helps extended & retract tongue when feeding
Tongue Extension= odour particles are captured from the air by tongue
retraction= odour particles mixed with fluids in mouth and delivered to ducts leading to vomeronasal organs
JAW: no true attachment or not rigidly attached allowing jaw to horizontal move and expand.- can eat hole crocs if wanted too- probably will die though because to big and stomach cannot digest that fast
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SUBORDER: Lacertilia
lizards ~4675 species
range from 16mm gecko to huge 3m Komodo Dragon
Megalania prisca- fossil from Australia (pleistocene) was 5.5m long
tail= autonomy in some lizards for predator defense
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Order Crocodilians
24 species of crocs; divided into 3 families
most are semi-aquatic
make significant overload movements ( some even gallop)
laterally compressed tail dorso-ventrally flattened body/head
why do they have a close relationship with birds?- they both have a 4 chambered heart!
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how many different groups can be found in crocs & some facts?
3 diff. & they have very serious parental care
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Alligatoridae are?
alligators & caimans
predominatly new world or freshwater life
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Crocodylidae are?
true crocs
can be found all over the place
mainly saltwater or if in freshwater they are euryhaline
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Gavialidae are?
Gharials
narrow snots
piscivorous= feed on fish
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How do most crocs feed?
surprise attack on prey = will jump out of water
huge jaw muscles & very powerful- can drag prey into water
tear- dismember prey
axial rotation= death roll- able to roll over or roll multiple times to help really kill prey.
