Basic Chemistry Review

Question 1

What are atoms?

Answer 1

ultramicroscopic building blocks of matter

Question 2

The number of neutrons to protons are ____. The amount of circling electrons determines how ____ the atom is.

Answer 2

equal, reactive

Question 3

What is a molecule?

Answer 3

the stable combination of two or more atoms

Question 4

What is a compound?

Answer 4

A substance made of different atoms (eg CH4)

Question 5

What is an element?

Answer 5

A substance made entirely of the same atoms (e.g. O2)

Question 6

What four elements make up 96% of the body’s mass?

Answer 6

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Question 7

What are ions?

Answer 7

an atom with a positive or negative charge

Question 8

What is a free radical?

Answer 8

an electrically charged atom (or group of atoms) with an unpaired electron

Question 9

What makes up a cell?

Answer 9

the association of molecules with one another

Question 10

What is a chemical reaction?

Answer 10

When the energy stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules are either formed or broken

Question 11

What is metabolism?

Answer 11

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Question 12

What is anabolism?

Answer 12

simple molecules of combined to make more complex ones

Question 13

What is catabolism?

Answer 13

complex molecules are broken down into smaller ones

Question 14

The net consumption of energy is seen in which metabolic situation?

Answer 14

Anabolism

Question 15

The net production of energy is seen in which metabolic situation?

Answer 15

Catabolism

Question 16

The balance between anabolic and catabolic reactions is known as _____.

Answer 16

Metabolism

Question 17

What is known as the “energy currency” in the body?

Answer 17

ATP

Question 18

ATP is used for many important functions, name 4.

Answer 18

1. muscle contraction
2. cell division
3. movement of some substances across cell membranes
4. making large molecules out of small ones

Question 19

To get the energy needed to perform certain functions, is ATP broken or formed causing an energy release?

Answer 19

Broken ATP= Energy Release

Question 20

When reforming ATP, is energy used or broken?

Answer 20

Reforming ATP=Energy Used

Question 21

Where does the cell get the energy to reform ATP?

Answer 21

Carbs (also fats and proteins)

Question 22

What are substances used to make energy known as?

Answer 22

Energy substrates

Question 23

Different energy substrates are used based on? (3)

Answer 23

1. Different cells
2. Demand for energy
3. Availability of energy substrate

Question 24

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 24

A series of reactions that transfers energy from food to ATP

Question 25

Cellular Respiration can be either ____ or _____.

Answer 25

Aerobic or anaerobic

Question 26

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic?

Answer 26

Anaerobic: cellular respiration without oxygen present Aerobic: cellular respiration with oxygen present

Question 27

Which is the preferred energy substrate?

Answer 27

Carbohydrate (glucose) Metabolism

Question 28

What glucose is used for ATP production?

Answer 28

glycogen or blood glucose

Question 29

The process of making ATP from glucose occurring in the cytoplasm is called ____.

Answer 29

Glycolysis

Question 30

Through glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is broken into...

Answer 30

- 2 molecules of pyruvic acid | - 2 ATP

Question 31

What is known as the ATP powerplant of the cell?

Answer 31

The mitochondria

Question 32

In an aerobic reaction, what happens to the pyruvic acid?

Answer 32

Enters the mitochondria, produces 26-28 more ATP

Question 33

In an anaerobic reaction, what happens to the pyruvic acid?

Answer 33

Does not enter the mitochondria, turns into lactic acid/lactate

Question 34

What happens to the lactic acid?

Answer 34

Diffuses out of the cell into blood, where other cells with oxygen can use for ATP production

Question 35

Fat metabolism can only generate ATP in the presence of _____.

Answer 35

oxygen ---> aerobic reaction

Question 36

The breakdown of stored fats is called ____.

Answer 36

Lipolysis

Question 37

What are the stored fats broken down to?

Answer 37

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Question 38

The amount of ATP generated from fat depends on ____. What is an example?

Answer 38

Size. | Ex. 129 ATP from palmitic acid

Question 39

What are liver cells known as?

Answer 39

Hepatocytes

Question 40

What do hepatocytes make that are used by other cells to make ATP?

Answer 40

ketone bodies

Question 41

During protein metabolism, what is the protein broken down to?

Answer 41

Amino Acids

Question 42

What are the uses of amino acids?

Answer 42

- Small production of ATP | - Building blocks for building proteins

Question 43

The body mostly wont use protein for ATP, unless what?

Answer 43

There is a pathology present.