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Pharmacology > Basic CNS Pharmacology and CNS Stimulants > Flashcards

Basic CNS Pharmacology and CNS Stimulants Flashcards

1
Q

Generally, what happens in the cerebral cortex?

A

information processing and interpretation

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2
Q

What are the specific functions of the cerebral cortex?

A

sensations, perception, voluntary movement, learning, speech, and cognition

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3
Q

What are the components of the hindbrain?

A

medulla and cerebellum

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4
Q

What are the centers are located in the medulla?

A

respiration, cardiac and vasomotor control centers and the reticular formation

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5
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

voluntary movement in space and time, controls balance-vermis; and eye movement, and cognitive functions

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6
Q

What are the components of the forebrain?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and limbic system

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7
Q

What is the role/function of the thalamus?

A

It acts not only as a relay center; but also filters and modulates sensory information transmission to the cerebral cortex

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8
Q

What disease is associated with the thalamus?

A

epilepsy

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9
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

it controls the ANS, hormonal regulation via the pituitary; visceral response; internal homeostasis, and emotions

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10
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

voluntary motor control

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11
Q

What disease is associated with the basal ganglia?

A

Parkinson’s disease - it is dysfunctional

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12
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

It comprises the cingulate gyrus, hippocampal formation, and amygdala; emotions, social behavior, and memory

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13
Q

What are the steps in neurotransmitter release?

A
  1. Neurostransmitter synthesis
  2. Vesicular storage
  3. Enzymatic breakdown of non-vesicular neurotransmitter
  4. Exocytosis
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14
Q

What are the steps in neurotransmitter action?

A
  1. Auto-receptor feedback inhibition
  2. Postsynaptic receptor activation
  3. Deactivation by enzymatic breakdown
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15
Q

Anti-epileptics target what?

A

specific parts in the action potential phase

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16
Q

In the case of epilepsy, what is the synaptic cleft filled with?

A

glutamate

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17
Q

What are the different types of autoreceptors?

A

somatodendritic and presynaptic

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18
Q

Where are the norepinephrine cell bodies located?

A

locus coeruleus

lateral tegmental area

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19
Q

Where are the epinephrine cell bodies located?

A

the medulla

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20
Q

Where are the dopamine cell bodies located?

A

substantia nigra
ventral tegmental area
arcuate nucleus

21
Q

Where are the serotonin cell nodies located?

A

Raphe nuclei, pons, and medulla

22
Q

What are catecholaminergic neurons involved in?

A

movement, mood, attention, and visceral function

23
Q

What is the role of tyrosine in catecholaminergic neurons?

A

It is the precursor for three amine neurotransmitters that contain catechol group

24
Q

What three amine neurotransmitters is tyrosine precursors for?

A

Dopamine (DA)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Epinephrine (E, adrenaline)

25
Q

Where are the dopaminergic pathways (what tracts)?

A

Nigrostriatal, mesocortical, mesolimbic, and tuberoinfundibular

26
Q

_____ and ____ is caused by hyper dopaminergic transmission.

A

Elation, euphoria

27
Q

What drugs modulate dopaminergic function?

A

neuroleptics

28
Q

How is dopamine action terminated?

A

mainly by reuptake-domapine transporter (DAT) and degradation by monoamine oxidase-B (MAOB) and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)

29
Q

What are the distinct groups of dopamine receptors?

A

D1 group-D1, D5

D2 like group - D2, D3, D4

30
Q

What does the D1 group of dopamine receptors do?

A

stimulate adenylyl cyclase

31
Q

What does the D2 like group receptors do?

A

inhibit adenylyl cyclase

32
Q

What neurotransmitter is 5-HT associated with?

A

serotonin

33
Q

What does 5-HT act on?

A

7 major types of receptors and 5-HT transporter (SERT)

34
Q

What does 5-HT transporter do?

A

acts as the breaks

35
Q

What do 5-HT enhancing drugs do?

A

they are effective modulators of behavior

36
Q

What does norepinephrine do?

A

plays a key role in sleep, regulation of anxiety, mood, learning, and memory

37
Q

Through what receptors does norepinephrine work?

A

alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

38
Q

What kind of drugs enhance noradrenergic neurotransmission?

A

CNS stimulants, SNRIs, and TCAs

39
Q

How does CL- work with the GABA-A receptor?

A

it flows into the neuron, hyperpolarizes, and dampens neuron excitability

40
Q

Where are GABA receptors abundant?

A

in the Nigrostriatal pathway

41
Q

What is the function of the majority of interneurons throughout the brain?

A

inhibit excitability, stabilize membrane potential, prevent repetitive and synchronous discharge of rapidly firing neurons (seizures)

42
Q

What are Methylxanthines?

A

bronchodilators

43
Q

What are the bronchodilators we mentioned in class?

A

Theophylline, caffeine, and theobromine

44
Q

What are the pharmacologic actions of bronchodilators?

A

CNS stimulant
Mild diuretic
Respiratory muscle stimulant effects
Smooth muscle relaxation

45
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Methylxanthines?

A
  1. Phosphodiesterase inhibition leads to the accumulation of cAMP
  2. Reversible blockade of adenosine receptor
46
Q

What are the side effects of Methylxanthines?

A

CNS excitement, seizures and restlessness
Gastrointestinal disturbance- nausea and vomiting
Cardiac dysrhythmia may occur in severe toxicity

47
Q

Name a common source of theobromine poisoning.

A

chocolate

48
Q

True or False: Methyxanthines act by stimulating adenosine receptors.

A

false

49
Q

_____ region of the brain acts as a relay center.

A

Thalamus

Pharmacology (16 decks)

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