Basic Computer Concepts Flashcards
- is an electronic device that accepts data from the user, processes it, produces results, displays them to the users, and stores the results for future usage
Computer
- is a collection of unorganized facts & figures and does not provide any further information regarding patterns, context, etc. Hence data means “unstructured facts and figures”.
Data
is a structured data i.e. organized meaningful and processed data. To process the data and convert into information, a computer is used.
Information
Give the four functions of computers
• Input
• Process
• Store
• Output
Give the 7 Characteristics of Computer System
- Memory
- Automation
- Reliability
- Versatility
- Diligence
- Accuracy
- Speed
The Basic Applications of Computer
• Home
• Medical Field
• Entertainment
• Industry
• Education
• Government
• Banking
• Business
• Training
• Arts
• Science & Engineering
Give the Components of Computer System
Input Device
Central Processing Unit
-Control Unit
-Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Memory Unit
Output Device
- All types of processing, such as comparisons, decision-making and processing of non-numeric information takes place here
ALU
- This part of CPU extracts instructions, performs execution, maintains and directs operations of entire system.
Control Unit
- This is unit in which data and instructions given to computer as well as results are stored.
Memory Unit
- It controls all activities of computer
- Supervises flow of data within CPU
- Directs flow of data within CPU
- Transfers data to Arithmetic and Logic Unit
- Transfers results to memory
- Fetches results from memory to output devices
Functions of Control Unit
- Any of various languages for expressing a set of detailed instructions for a digital computer
Computer Programming Language
- Allow us to give instructions to a computer in a language the computer understands
Computer Programming Language
Give the hierarchy of Computer Language from highest to lowest
High level language
Assembley language
Machine Language
Computer Hardware
What language type is Web Scripting?
Java Script
What language type is HTML and XML?
WWW Display Languages
What language type is Tex, PostScript, SGML?
Document Formatting Languages
What language type is PERL?
Scripting languages
What language type is Prolog and Lisp?
Declarative Languages
What language type is C++, C#, Ada, Java, Visual Basic, and Python?
Object Oriented Languages
What language type is Cobol and SQL?
Business Oriented Languages
What language type is Fortran, Algol, and C?
Algorithmic languages
C evolved from two previous languages
BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) and B
BCPL was developed in _____ by ______
1967 by Martin Richards
_________ modeled many features in Martin Richards’s B language
Ken Thompson
In ______, who used B to create early versions of the UNIX operating system at Bell Laboratories?
1970, Ken Thompson
He evolved the C language from B at Bell Laboraties
Dennis Ritchie
The C language was originally implemented on a _______ computer in ______
DEC PDP-11, 1972
C uses many of the important concepts of _____ and ____ while adding data typing and other powerful features
BCPL, B
By the late _____s, C had evolved into what is now referred to as “_______”
1970, Traditional C
“The C Programming Language” book was published in ______ and written by _____ and _____
1978, Kernighan, Ritchie
• The rapid expansion of C over various types of computers (sometimes called _______) led to many variations that were similar but often incompatible.
Hardware platforms
• In ______, the X3J11 technical committee was created under the American National Standards Committee on Computers and Information Processing (X3) to “provide an ______________________ of the language.”
1983, unambiguous and machine independent definition
In 1989, the standard was approved and updated in _______. The standards document is referred to as _________.
1999, INCITS/ISO/IEC 9899-1999
Give the 6 Program Development Life Cycle in Order
- Problem Definition
- Problem Analysis
- Algorithm Development
- Coding & Documentation
- Testing & Debugging
- Maintenance
- The solution to any computing problem involves executing a series of actions in a specific order. A procedure for solving a problem in terms of
1. The actions to be executed
2. The order in which these actions are to be executed
Algorithm
What makes a good algorithm?
- Correctness
- Efficiency
Should always give the correct solution
Correctness
- Should use minimum resources and should perform at an acceptable speed
Efficiency
How do you measure efficiency?
By Asymptotic Analysis
- Refers to defining the mathematical foundation/framing of its run-time performance
Asymptotic Analysis
- Specifies the order in which statements are to be executed in a computer program
Control Structure
is the order in which individual statements, instructions or function calls of an imperative program are executed or evaluated
Control Flow/Structure
Give the 3 Types of Control Structure
- Sequential
- Selection
- Repetition
- default mode. Sequential execution of code statements (one line after another)
Sequential Control Structure
- used for decisions, branching. Choosing between 2 or more alternative paths.
Selection Control Structure
- used for looping, i.e. repeating a piece of code multiple times in a row.
Repetition Control Structure
- An artificial and informal language that helps you develop algorithm
Pseudocode
- Similar to everyday English; it’s convenient and user friendly although it’s not an actual computer programming language
Pseudocode
- A graphical representation of an algorithm or of a portion of an algorithm
Flowchart
- Drawn using certain special-purpose symbols such as rectangles, diamonds, ovals, and small circles; these symbols are connected by arrows called flowlines
Flowchart