Basic Concept Flashcards
(25 cards)
Human Factors
is about people: it is about people in their working
and living environments, relationship with equipment, procedures, environmentand reletionship with other people. Optimize the performance of people by the systematic application of the human sciences, often integrated within the framework of system engineering. Its twin objectives can be seen as safety and efficiency.
Competent Pilot
- A high sense of responsibility
- Ability (academic and flight handling)
- Motivation
- A good communicator
- Flexibility
- Physical fitness
- Reliability
- A balanced personality
- A team player
- Calmness under stress
- An eye for detail
- Competency in Risk Assessment
- Competency in the skills of Stress and Crew Managements
Training
Relevant Regular clear and concise time-efficent participetional include coruse reading and revision of material
Self-training
devoloping specific skill, knoledge and Attitude.
As your competence and expertise increase so will your self-confidence
percent of human error in incident
70-73 %
most common incident
CFIT - controllef flight into terrain => to avoid this type of incident is impliment the GPWS and EWGPS.
Incident per pilot
1 Loss of directional control 2 Poor judgement 3 Airspeed not maintained 4 Poor preflight planning and preflight decision making 5 Not maintaining ground clearance
phases of flight most prone to accidents
1 Intermediate and Final Approach
2 Landing
3 Take-off
4 Descent
Safety culture
The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies and patterns of behaviour that determine
the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organization’s health and safety management.
safety culture type
- Open Culture
- Closed Culture
- National Culture is a really influence of safety culture
Open Culture
Where all levels of an organization play an active part in the improvement of the safety culture.
Closed Culture
Where an organization is reluctant to release info on threats, errors or undesired aircraft states to other agencies.
National Culture
Both government and ethnic factors influence attitudes towards safety culture
Swiss Cheese Model
from J. Reason - > risk analysis and managment
holes in the cheese slices represent individual weaknesses in each part of the system and are continually varying in position and size in each slice.
Will produce failures when all of the holes in each slice momentarily align. A hazard will pass through all of the holes in all of the defences leading to a failure
The Five Elements of Safety Culture
- An informed culture
- A reporting culture
- A learning culture
- A just culture -Errors and unsafe acts will not be punished if the error was unintentional.
- A flexible culture
Non punitive colture
Errors and unsafe acts will not be punished thus encouraging an atmosphere where people have the confidence to report safety concerns.
TEM compontent
1 Threats
- Errors
- Undesired aircraft states
Threat
Latent Threats - not immediately obvious to, or observable by flight crews, e.g. poor equipment design, visual illusions or quick turn-around schedules.
Environmental Threats - Those occurring during actual operations, e.g. weather, terrain, ATC, airport.
Organizational Threats - Operational pressure, aircraft type, cabin design, maintenance, dispatch, documentation.
Error
Actions or lack of actions by the flight crew that lead to deviations from organisational or flight crew intentions or expectations.
Type of error
–Aircraft Handling Errors
Manual handling, automatic systems, ground navigation.
–Procedural Errors
SOPs, checklists, briefing documentation.
–Communication Errors
Crew to external, pilot to pilot.
Undesired aircraft states
Flight crew induced aircraft speed or position eviations, misapplication of flight controls, incorrect system configurations, associated with a reduction in safety margins. Possible type 1. Aircraft handling 2. Ground navigation 3. Incorrect configuration
Counter Measures
All flight crew MUST employ counter measures in order to keep threats, errors and undesired aircraft states from reducing safety margins in flight operations
Hard Resources
Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems (ACAS) Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS) Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs) Checklists Briefings Training
Avoid Trap Mitigate (ATM)
Avoid: An attempt to foresee potential problems. Best achieved at times of low workload.
Trap: Deal with threats and hazards as they occur.
Mitigate: Deal with the consequences of an error that has occurred.
