Basic Concepts

Question 1

Consonant

- characteristics

Answer 1

• Restrictions or closure in the vocal tract impeding the airstream
• Noise element, no harmonic vibration
• cannot be centre of a syllable

Question 2

Place of articulation

Answer 2

Describes exact place where the airstream is obstructed.

Question 3

Manner of articulation

Answer 3

Describes the type or degree of closure of the speech organs,
I.e. how the airstream is modified in the vocal tract

Question 4

Manner of articulation

Name all of them

Answer 4

Plosive
Fricative
Affricate 
Nasal 
Lateral 
Approximant

Question 5

State of glottis

Answer 5

Voiced
Voiceless

Question 6

Voiced

Answer 6

Vibration of the vocal folds (vocal folds close together)

Question 7

Voiceless

Answer 7

No vibration of vocal folds (Vocal folds apart)

Question 8

Plosive

Answer 8

Blocking the airstream completely, releasing air in a burst (exposive)

Question 9

Fricative

Answer 9

Restricting the airstream at different places (friction)

Question 10

Affricate

Answer 10

Moving from plosive to fricative (explosion then friction)

Question 11

Nasal

Answer 11

Airstream is not moving out of your mouth but out of your nose

Question 12

Lateral

Answer 12

Airstream passes through the sides of your tongue

Question 13

Approximant

Answer 13

Least consonant like sounds, approximating vowels

Question 14

/p/

Answer 14

plosive, biabial, voiceless

E.g.: pull

Question 15

/b/

Answer 15

Plosive, bilabial, voiced

E.g.: burn

Question 16

/t/

Answer 16

Plosive, alveolar, voiceless

E.g.: take

Question 17

/d/

Answer 17

Plosive, alveolar, voiced

E.g.: dog

Question 18

/k/

Answer 18

Plosive, velar, voiceless

E.g.: king

Question 19

/g/

Answer 19

Plosive, velar, voiced

E.g.: get

Question 20

/f/

Answer 20

Fricative, labiodental, voiceless

E.g.: fish

Question 21

/v/

Answer 21

Fricative, labiodental, voiced

E.g.: vain

Question 22

/θ/

Answer 22

Fricative, dental, voiceless

E.g.: thin

Question 23

/ð/

Answer 23

Fricative, dental, voiced

E.g.: there

Question 24

/s/

Answer 24

Fricative, alveolar, voiceless

E.g.: sin

Question 25

/z/

Answer 25

Fricative, alveolar, voiced | E.g.: zoo

Question 26

/ʃ/

Answer 26

Fricative, postalveolar, voiceless | E.g.: shine

Question 27

/ʒ/

Answer 27

Fricative, postalveolar, voiced | E.g.: rouge

Question 28

/h/

Answer 28

Fricative, glottal, voiceless | E.g.: high

Question 29

/tʃ/

Answer 29

Affricate, postalveolar, voiceless | E.g.: chair

Question 30

/dʒ/

Answer 30

Affricate, postalveolar, voiced | E.g.: bridge

Question 31

/m/

Answer 31

Nasal, bilabial, voiced E.g.: mouse

Question 32

/n/

Answer 32

Nasal, alveolar, voiced | E.g.: nose

Question 33

/ɳ/

Answer 33

Nasal, velar, voiced | E.g.: king

Question 34

/l/

Answer 34

Lateral, alveolar, voiced | E.g.: long

Question 35

/w/

Answer 35

Approximant, bilabial, voiced | E.g.: warn

Question 36

/r/

Answer 36

Approximant, postalveolar, voiced | E.g.: red

Question 37

/j/

Answer 37

Approximant, palatal, voiced | E.g.: yes

Question 38

Distinctive features of consonants

Answer 38

- place of articulation - manner of articulation - state of glottis

Question 39

Minimal pair

Answer 39

Words that differ/ are distinguished in just one sound in the same position E.g.: -/b,ɪ,t/ /h,ɪ,t/differ in one phoneme

Question 40

Phoneme

Answer 40

Smallest unit in language that distinguishes meaning.

Question 41

Vowel | - characteristics

Answer 41

- no obstruction of the airstream - harmonic vibration, no noise element - can be centre of a syllable

Question 42

Distinctive features of a vowel

Answer 42

- openess of the mouth - position of the tongue - long/ short

Question 43

Monophthong

Answer 43

No change in quality during articulation E.g.: /fɪt/ (fit) /ʃuːt/ (shoot)

Question 44

/iː/

Answer 44

Front, closed, long Monophthong E.g.: seat

Question 45

/ɪ/

Answer 45

Front, between closed and half-closed, short Monophthong E.g.: sit

Question 46

/ʊ/

Answer 46

Back, between closed and half closed, short Monophthong E.g.: foot, put

Question 47

/u:/

Answer 47

Back, closed, long Monophthong E.g.: food, boot

Question 48

/e/

Answer 48

Front, half-closed/ half-open, short Monophthong E.g.: set, pet

Question 49

/ɜ:/

Answer 49

Central, half-closed, long Monophthong E.g.: bird, heard

Question 50

/ə/

Answer 50

Central, half-open, short Monophthong E.g.: mother

Question 51

/ɔ:/

Answer 51

Back, between half-closed and half-open, long Monophthong E.g.: law

Question 52

/æ/

Answer 52

Front, open, short Monophthong E.g.: sat, pat

Question 53

/ʌ/

Answer 53

Central, open, short Monophthong E.g.: some, cut

Question 54

/ɑ:/

Answer 54

Back, open, long Monophthong E.g.: father

Question 55

/ɒ/

Answer 55

Back, open, short Monophthong E.g.: dog

Question 56

/eɪ/

Answer 56

Front, between half open and half-closed > front, closed, long Closing diphthong E.g.: mate, they, place

Question 57

/ʊə/

Answer 57

Back, closed > central, long Centring Diphthongs E.g.: sure, poor

Question 58

/əʊ/

Answer 58

Central, between half-closed and half-open > back, closed, long Closing Diphthong E.g.: home, so

Question 59

/aɪ/

Answer 59

Central, Open > Front, closed, long Closing Diphthong E.g.: my/ time

Question 60

/aʊ/

Answer 60

Back, open > back, closed, long Closing Diphthong E.g.: house, town

Question 61

/ɔɪ/

Answer 61

Back, half-open > front, closed, long Closing Diphthong E.g.: boy, oil

Question 62

/ɪə/

Answer 62

Front, closed > central, long Centring Diphthong E.g.: here, dear

Question 63

/eə/

Answer 63

Front, half-open > central, long Centring Diphthong E.g.: There, air

Question 64

Diphthong

Answer 64

Change of quality within one syllable > both elements merge /meɪk/ (make) /ðeə/ (there) 1. Closing Diphthong 2. Centring Diphthong

Question 65

Allophone

Answer 65

Different realizations of one phoneme | Notations: [ ]

Question 66

Lexical Morphemes

Answer 66

Carry an independent meaning | E.g.: {-er} {un-} {dog}

Question 67

Grammatical Morphemes

Answer 67

Express grammatical relations | E.g.: {the} {-ed} {-s}

Question 68

Free lexical morpheme

Answer 68

-can stand alone -content words E.g.: {fair} {dog}

Question 69

Bound lexical morpheme

Answer 69

-bound to a word -derivational morpheme -indicates where it is bound (prefix or suffix) with a - E.g.: {un-} {-er} {-ly}

Question 70

free grammatical morpheme

Answer 70

-function word | E.g.: {the} {but]

Question 71

Bound grammatical morpheme

Answer 71

-inflectional morpheme | E.g.: {-s} in dogs