Basic Concepts Flashcards by Anthony Royster

Q

What is the Difference between Digital and Analogue

A

Digital - Discrete subset of Values, finite amount of options
Analogue - Continuously Varying, infinite amount of values

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Q

What is Binary

A

Numbers Set with Base 2
- 2 possible options per digit

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Q

Describe Logic High and Logic Low?

A

Range of voltage values assigned to a specific binary value

eg. 2-5v = High = 1
eg 0v-0.8v = low = 0

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Q

Label the Leading and Trailing edges of the Wave Form

A

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Q

Explain why we have Ranges, Logic High and Logic Low, rather then specific values to represent binary values

A

Overshooting and ringing (ripples) caused by Parasitic inductances, capacitances and resistances of the components

unable to get a constant voltage immediately,
a range of voltages are used

which increases the speed, and reduces fluctuations in the binary output

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Q

What is the Formula for Duty Cycle for a digital wave form

A

Time As High Input / Total Time
Answer as a %

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Q

What is the Formula for Duty Cycle for an analoge wave form

A

Pulse Width / Time Period
Answer as a %

Where Time Period = 1/Frequency
Pulse Width = time taken between , 50% amplitude on Rise & 50% amplitude on Fall.

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Q

What is Hexadecimal

A

Numbers Set with Base 16
- 16 possible options per digit

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Q

Convert 203 (Base 10) to Binary

A

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Q

Convert 1101101 (Base 2) to Decimal

A

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Q

Convert 1011110101 (Base 2) to Hexadecimal

A

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Q

Convert 0110.110 (Base 2) to Hexadecimal

A

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Q

Convert 0.0101 (Base 2) to Decimal

A

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Q

Convert 6.25 (Base 10) to Binary3

A

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Q

Convert 5.6 (Base 10) to Binary

A

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Q

What is a node

A

Connection connecting multiple ports or wires

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Q

What is Noise Margin

A

Specifies the range of Voltages that would be interpreted as a logic 1 or 0 or High Logic or Low Logic

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Q

What is the Truth Table for the Following Logic Gate/s

A

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Q

What is the Truth Table for the Following Logic Gate/s

A

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Q

What is the Truth Table for the Following Logic Gate/s

A

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Q

What is the Truth Table for the Following Logic Gate/s

A

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Q

What is the Truth Table for the Following Logic Gate/s

A

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Q

What is the Annulment Law

A

A&0 = 0
A+1 = 1

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Q

What is the Identity Law

A

A&1 = A
A+0 =A

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What is the Idempotent Law

A&A = A A+A = A

What is Complement Law

A&A(Inverse) = 0 A+A(Inverse) =1

What is the Double Negation Law

( A(Inverse) )Inverse = A

What is the Associative Law

(A+B)+C = A+(B+C) (A&B)&C = A&(B&C)

What is the Commutative Law

A&B = B&A A+B = B+A

What is the Distributive Law

A&(B+C) = (A&B) + (A&C) A+(B&C) = (A+B) & (A+C)

What is the Absorbative Law

A+(A&B) = A A&(A+B) = A

What are DeMorgans Laws

(A&B)Inverse = A(Inverse) + B(Inverse) (A+B)Inverse = A(Inverse)&B(Inverse)

Simplify A + A(Inverse)&B

A + B A + A(Inverse)&B (A+A(Inverse)) & (A+B) : Distributive Law (A+A(Inverse)) = 1 Complement Law 1 & (A+B) Identity Law A+B

What is Combinational Logic

Logic Circuit that has a deterministic output that is only a function of the Current input values - Doesn't depend on past Input values - Doesn't Require a Clock Signal

What is a Byte

A Group of 8 Bits (BI-nary dig-TS)

What is a Niblle

A Group of 4 Bits (BI-nary dig-TS)

What is a Quantisation Error

Error caused by rounding an Analogue Value to the nearest Digital Equivalent

Convert A01 (Base 16) to Binary

A 0 1 10 0 1 1010 0000 0001

Convert 1110000 (Base 2 ) to Hexadecimal

0111 0000 7 0 7 0

Convert 99 (Base 10) to Hexadecimal

99/16 = 6.1875 6.1875 Rounded Down = 6 6*16 = 96 99-96 = 3 63

Convert 458 (Base 10) To Hexadecimal

458/16 = 28.625 as 28.625 > 16 458/ (16)^2 = 1.789 1.789 Rounded Down = 1 458-256 = 202 202/16 = 12.625 12.625 Rounded Down = 12 12 = C 202 - (12*16) = 10 10 = A 1CA

Explain what and How an RFID tag Works

Transmitter that only transmits data in the presence of a specific Radio Frequency -Powered by an inductive Loop rather then a battery - Use of a Band Pass Filter

What does an Encoder Do

Converts Motion Input into a Digital Output ( Specific Binary Number) ie. Multi Button Tv Remote

What is the Maximum Decical Number we can Represent with a 64 Bit Number

Maximum Options = 2^n = 2^64 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 Maximum Decimal Number =2^n -1 = 2^64 - 1 =18,446,744,073,709,551,615 (have to account for 0)

What is Binary Coded Decimal

- A System of encoding Digital Data in Binary - Each Decimal Digit is converted into a 4 Bit Binary Nibble

Convert 17 (Base 10) into BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)

1 = 0001 7 = 0111 ( 0001 0111 ) BCD

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages to BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)

Advantages - More accurate representation and rounding of decimal quantities - Easy for Humans to convert Between Decimal and BCD Disadvanatges - More Complicated Circuitry Required - Less Efficient Encoding then converting to Binary as 6/16 states per nibbe are unused.

Convert 578 (Base 10) into BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) - How many States go Unused in this Encoding , in comparison to the binary representation - How many more Bits of Information is required for BCD then Binary in this Example

5 = 0101 7 = 0111 8 = 1000 0101 0111 1000 6 States per Niblle 6*3 = 18 States unused 578 In Binary = 1001000010 2 More bits is required of BCD then Binary in this example

What is the Difference between Ascii ,and Extended Ascii

Each letter of an Alphabet is encoded to a n-bit digit Binary Number For Ascii each letter has a 7-Bit number Represnetation For Extended Ascii each letter has a 8-Bit number Representation Ascii has 128 Options Extended Ascii has 256 Options

Describe how an Analogue to Digital Converter works

- Samples Analogue signal at fixed internals in time - Rounds each of the samples from the Signal to the nearest Digital Level - Encodes the obtained digital values into binary numbers

What error is caused when a sample from a signal is rounded to the nearest Digital Level

Quantisation Error

What is a Clock Singal

A Periodic SIgnal oscillating between logic High and Low, used in sequential Logic Circuits

Draw a Timing Diagram for the Following Signal 0101010

How can the Binary String 01101100 be transmitted in Serial Format? The Clock signal for this transmission is 01010101010.... Draw a Timing Diagram of the signal Transmitted in Serial Format

- One bit is transmitted Per Clock Cycle - Transmission Starts with Least Significant Bit - Bit-to-bit changes occur on the Falling Edge of the Clock Cycle

What is Parallel Data Transmission

Each bit is Transmitted along a separate Electrical Conductor - n-Bits Transmitted SImulatnoiusly

Compare Serial and Parallel Data Transmission

Serial - Cheaper Cost But Slower Parallel - Faster but More Expensive

Sketch the Serial and Parallel Representation of the Decimal Number 7 as a 4-Bit Number If the Clock Frequency is 5MhZ find the Time Necessary to transmit the number 7 via the Serial and Parallel Link

Convert 102 (Base 10) into Binary and Hexadecimal

Convert the Number 3.3333333.... (Base 10) into Binary and Hexadecimal

Convert 8EC (Base 16) inti Binary and Decimal

Convert 101110110.101into Decimal and Hexadecimal

What are the Laws of Binary Addition?

0+0 = 0 Carry 0 0+1 = 1 Carry 0 1+1 = 0 Carry 1 1+1+1= 1 Cary 1

Convert 5.6 (Base 10) to Binary, BCD & Hexadecimal

What is an SOP expression

Construct Truth Table

Construct Standard SOP Expression

Construct a K-Map for the Following Expression

Construct a K-Map for the Following Expression

With K Maps what are the rules

Don’t add groups that don’t provide new information Large as possible groups Favour 2x2 blocks then 1x4 lines Minimum Number of Groups

Minimise the Following Expression

Minimise the Following Truth Table in 2 Ways 1) X=1 2) X=0

Answer 1 & 2