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A Level Chemistry OCR > Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons > Flashcards

Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons Flashcards

1
Q

What is nomenclature?

A

The naming system for compounds.

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2
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of organic compounds that have the same functional group with successive members differing by CH2.

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3
Q

What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains.

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4
Q

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure but it is not aromatic.

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5
Q

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon that contains at least one benzene ring.

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6
Q

What is a general formula?

A

The simplest algebraic formula for a homologous series.

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7
Q

What is a displayed formula?

A

A formula that shows the relative positions of atoms and the bonds between them.

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8
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

A formula that shows the minimum detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

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9
Q

What is a skeletal formula?

A

A simplified structural formula drawn by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains.

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10
Q

What are unsaturated organic chemicals?

A

Organic chemicals that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

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11
Q

What are saturated organic compounds?

A

Organic compounds that contain only single covalent bonds.

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12
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

A formula that shows the numbers and types of of each element in a compound.

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13
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

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14
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula and structural formula but different arrangements of atoms in space.

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15
Q

What is cis-trans isomerism?

A

A type of E/Z isomerism in which the two substituent groups attached to both carbon atoms of the C=C bond are the same.

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16
Q

What is E/Z isomerism?

A

A type of stereoisomerism caused by the restricted rotation around the double bond. Two different groups are attached to both carbon atoms of the C=C bond.

17
Q

How do you identify the E/Z isomers using CIP rules?

A

1) Locate C=C bond and redraw it to show substituents
2) Assign the priority of each substituent based on its RAM
3) If the highest priority groups are on the same side of the C=C, then the isomer is Z and if they are on opposite sides then the isomer is E.

18
Q

What are reaction mechanisms?

A

Models that show the movement of electron pairs during a reaction.

19
Q

What do curly arrows show?

A

The flow of electron pairs in reaction mechanisms.

20
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

When each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals.

21
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

When one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonding pair.

22
Q

What are radicals?

A

Species with one or more unpaired electrons.

23
Q

What are alkanes?

A

A homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

24
Q

What two factors affect the boiling points of alkanes?

A

Carbon chain length and branching.

25
Q

Why does boiling point increase as carbon chain length increases?

A

There are more surface area contacts between adjacent molecules in larger alkanes. This increases the number of induced dipole-dipole forces, so more energy is needed to overcome these forces.

26
Q

Why is the boiling point of branched hydrocarbons lower than non-branched ones?

A

Molecules cannot fit together as neatly when branched. This reduces the amount of surface area contact. This means they have fewer dipole-dipole interactions and therefore less energy is needed to overcome the forces of attraction.

27
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

Oxidising a fuel in a plentiful supply of air.

28
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A

Oxidising fuel in a limited supply of air.

29
Q

Where is a σ bond formed?

A

Between two carbon atoms using the direct overlap of electron clouds of the two atoms.

30
Q

Where is a π bond formed?

A

In adjacent p-orbitals overlapping above and below the carbon atoms.

31
Q

What are monomers?

A

Small molecules that are used to make polymers.

32
Q

What are polymers?

A

Macromolecules made from small repeating units.

33
Q

What is a repeating unit?

A

A specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in a structure over and over again.

34
Q

What ways can plastics be disposed of?

A
  • Landfill
  • Combustion
  • Combustion with electrical generation
  • Reusing
  • Recycling
  • Use as organic feed-stock
35
Q

What is a bioplastic?

A

A material made from a renewable source that is biodegradable.

36
Q

What are biodegradable material?

A

A material that is affected by the action of microorganisms and environmental conditions, leading to decomposition.

A Level Chemistry OCR (14 decks)

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