basic concepts of organic chemistry

Question 1

Define hydrocarbon

Answer 1

Hydrocarbon is a compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only

Question 2

define saturated and unsaturated

Answer 2

saturated- contains single carbon-carbon bonds only

unsaturated- contains multiple carbon-carbon bonds

Question 3

Test for unsaturated compounds

Answer 3

Add bromine water which turns the solution from orange to colourless.

Question 4

Define molecular formula

Answer 4

The ACTUAL number of atoms of EACH ELEMENT in an element/compound.

Question 5

Define empirical formula

Answer 5

The SIMPLEST ratio of atoms of EACH ELEMENT in an element/compound.

Question 6

Define general formula

Answer 6

The algebraic formula for homologous series (e.g., CnH2n).

Question 7

define structural formula

Answer 7

the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, eg for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3,

Question 8

define displayed formula

Answer 8

show all the covalent bonds present in a molecule

Question 9

define skeletal formula

Answer 9

shows the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional Groups.

Question 10

Define aliphatic

Answer 10

A compound containg carbon and hydrogen joined in straight or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings

Question 11

define alicyclic

Answer 11

An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

Question 12

define aromatic

Answer 12

a compound containing a benzene ring

Question 13

Define homologous series

Answer 13

a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

Question 14

Functional group, prefix, and suffix of an alcohol

Answer 14

● Functional group: OH.
● Prefix: hydroxy-.
● Suffix: -ol (more common).

Question 15

Functional group and prefixes of haloalkanes

Answer 15

● Functional group: C-X.

● Prefix: fluro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-.

Question 16

Functional group, prefix, and siffix of aldehydes

Answer 16

● Functional group: R-CH=O

● Prefix: formyl-.

Suffix: -al.

Question 17

Functional group, prefix, and suffix of ketones

Answer 17

Functional group: R-C=O
R

● Prefix: oxo-.
● Suffix: -one (more common).

Question 18

Functional group and suffix of carboxylic acids

Answer 18

● Functional group: R-C=O
OH

Suffix: -oic acid.

Question 19

Functional group and suffix of esters

Answer 19

● Functional group: R-C=O
O-R

● Suffix: -yl-oate.

Question 20

What takes precedence when naming with branched chains

Answer 20

Functional groups.

● E.g., 3-methylbut-1-ene is right, 2-methylbut-3-ene is wrong.

Question 21

Define structural isomers

Answer 21

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

This has the subsets of chain isomers, positional isomers, and functional group isomers

Question 22

Define chain isomers

Answer 22

Same molecular formula but different arrangement of carbon atoms.

Question 23

Define positional isomers

Answer 23

Same molecular formula but different position of functional group
(e.g., propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol).

Question 24

Define functional group isomers

Answer 24

Same molecular formula but different functional group (e.g., but-2-one and butan-1-ol)

Question 25

What is heterolytic fission and what does it form

Answer 25

When a COVALENT BOND BREAKS (1) with one bonded atom getting both electrons forming ions (1).

Question 26

Where must curly arrows start

Answer 26

At a lone pair or the centre of a bond.

Question 27

what is homolytic fission and what does it form

Answer 27

A COVALENT BOND BREAKS (1) with each bonded atom getting an electron forming radical

Question 28

Define free radical

Answer 28

A reactive species with an unpaired electron.