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Clinical Application > Basic Dermatology > Flashcards

Basic Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Fitzpatrick skin type system and why is it used?

A

It classifies skin type according to the amount of pigment in your skin and your skin’s reaction to sun exposure. This information can help predict your overall risk of sun damage and skin cancer.

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2
Q

Describe Types 1-6 of the ‘Fitzpatrick skin types’ classification individually.

A

Type I : Pale white skin (blonde/red) - Always burns, does not tan
Type II : Fair skin - Burns easily, tans poorly
Type III : Darker white skin - Tans after initial burn
Type IV : Light brown skin - Burns minimally, tans easily
Type V : Brown skin - Rarely burns, tans darkly easily
Type VI : Dark brown or black skin - Never burns, always tans

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3
Q

Describing (skin examination) - What does SCAM stand for?

A

S - Site + distribution (rash) / Size + shape (lesion)
C - Colour (+configuration)
A - Associated changes (surface features)
M - Morphology

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4
Q

What should you look for in pigmented lesions?

A

Asymmetry
Border (irregular/blurred)
Colour
Diameter

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5
Q

What words are used to describe Site + Distribution of a skin issue?

A
  • Generalised
  • Flexural (eg. inside elbow)
  • Extensor (eg. elbow, knees)
  • Photosensitive
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6
Q

What words are used to describe the configuration of a skin issue?

A
  • Discrete (few lesions, small)
  • Confluent (small lesions, together)
  • Linear
  • Target (blister in the middle sometimes)
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7
Q

What words are used to describe the colour of a skin issue?

A
  • Erythematous (red + blanching)
  • Purpuric (red/purple + non-blanching)
  • Brown/Black (pigmented/hyper-pigmented)
  • Hypo-pigmented (depigmented/total loss of colour)
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8
Q

What words are used to describe the surface features of a skin issue?

A
  • Scale (built-up keratin)
  • Crust (dried exudate)
  • Excoriation (Erosion from scratching=pruritis)
  • Erosion/Ulceration (partial or full thickness loss)
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9
Q

What words are used to describe the morphology of a skin lesion?

A

Type

  • Patch
  • Plaque
  • Nodule
  • Vesicle
  • Pustule
  • Bulla

Shape

  • Annular (ring-shaped)
  • Wheal (eg. urticaria)
  • Discoid/nummular
  • Comedone (open/closed)
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10
Q

List some functions of the skin.

A
  • Protective barrier against environmental insults
  • Temperature regulation
  • Sensation
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Immunosurveillance
  • Cosmesis
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11
Q

What is Erythroderma?

A

The term used to describe an inflammatory skin disease affecting >90% of the body’s skin surface area. It may be acute or chronic. It often precedes or is associated with exfoliation (exfoliative dermatitis).

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12
Q

What cause Erythroderma?

A
  • ADRs
  • Psoriasis
  • Eczema
  • Cutaneous T cell lymphoma
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13
Q

What are the symptoms of Erythroderma?

A
  • Pruritis
  • Fatigue
  • Anorexia
  • Feeling cold
  • Hair loss
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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of Erythroderma?

A
  • Erythematous
  • Inflamed (Oedema)
  • Thickened
  • Scaly
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15
Q

What are some complications of Erythroderma?

A
  • Hypothermia (loss of thermoregulation)
  • Infection (loss of protective barrier)
  • Renal failure (insensible losses)
  • High output cardiac failure (dilated skin vessels)
  • Protein malnutrition (high turnover fo skin)
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16
Q

How is Erythroderma managed?

A
  • May need to be hospitalised to restore fluid an electrolyte imbalance, circulatory status + body temperature
  • Discontinue all unnecessary medications
  • Apply emollients and mild topical steroids
  • Wet dressing
  • Oral/IV antibiotics
  • Sedative antihistamines
17
Q

What are the 3 basic layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

18
Q

What layers make up the epidermis? (superficial to deep)

A 
Stratum corneum
[Stratum lucidum found in areas of thicker skin such as palms and soles]
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
19
Q

What does each layer represent?

A

A different stage of maturation of a keratinocyte

20
Q

What are the 4 major cell types of the Epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes
Langerhan cells
Melanocytes
Merkel Cells

21
Q

What is the function of Keratinocyte?

A

Protective barrier

22
Q

What is the function of Langerhan cells?

A

They are antigen presenting cells

23
Q

What is the function of Melanocytes?

A

They produce melanin which provides pigment to the skin and protects cell nuclei from UV DNA damage

24
Q

What is the function of Merkel cells?

A

They contain specialised nerve endings for sensation

25
Q

What is the average epidermal turnover time?

A

30 days

26
Q

What changes would a pathology of the epidermic cause?

A

Change in epidermal turnover
Change in surface of the skin
Changes in pigmentation of the skin

27
Q

What is the Dermis composed of?

A

Collagen
Elastin
Glycosaminoglycans

28
Q

What structures are within the Dermis?

A
  • Arrector pilli muscle
  • Hair bulb
  • Hair follicle
  • Sweat gland
  • Sebaceous gland
  • Motor + sensory nerve
  • Blood vessels
  • Lymphatics
  • Immune cells
29
Q

What is the function of the Dermis?

A

It provides strength and elasticity

30
Q

What is the difference between sebaceous and sweat glands?

A

Sebaceous glands are branched acinar glands found mostly in hair follicles on our body. They secrete an oily substance (sebum), which lubricates the skin.

Sweat glands (Eccrine) are simple tubular exocrine glands that secrete a watery fluid that is hypotonic to plasma (sweat). Its evaporation is important for thermoregulation.

31
Q

When are sebaceous gland active?

A

After puberty

32
Q

How are sebaceous glands stimulated?

A

They are stimulated by the conversion of androgen to dihydrotestosterone

33
Q

How is Acne vulgaris caused?

A

Increased sebum production + bacterial colonisation (due to a blockage where sebum is forced into the dermis -> inflammation)

34
Q

What is the function of Eccrine and Apocrine sweat glands?

A

They regulate body temperature

35
Q

What innervates Eccrine and Apocrine glands?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

36
Q

What is the difference between Eccrine and Apocrine Sweat glands?

A

Eccrine are widespread

Apocrine are active following puberty and are found in axillae, areolae, genitalia + anus

37
Q

What are the 3 main types if hair?

A 
Lanugo 
Vellum (short hair all over body)
Terminal (coarse, long hair)
38
Q

What are the 3 main phases of the growth cycle of a hair follice?

A

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen

Clinical Application (9 decks)

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