Children Immunisation Flashcards
List some vaccine-preventable infectious diseases
Anthrax Measles Rubella Cholera Meningococcal Disease Influenza Diphtheria Mumps Tetanus Hepatitis A Pertussis Tuberculosis Hepatitis B Pneumococcal Disease Typhoid fever Hepatitis E Poliomyelitis Tick-borne encephalitis Haemophilius influenzae type B Rabies Varicella and herpes zoster (shingles) Human Papiloma-virus Rotavirus gastroenteritis Yellow fever Japanese encephalitis
Is immunity active or passive?
Both
What is active immunity?
It involves the production of antibodies in response to the presence of an antigen. It is usually life long, acquired by either exposure of the illness or vaccination to it.
What is the difference between active immunity from a disease and from a vaccine?
Vaccines aim to provide similar immunity to having the illness BUT without the effects and risks of the illness
What is a vaccine?
Inactivated, attenuated live organisms or modified toxins that stimulates an immune response resulting in the production of antibodies against the antigen of the organism.
How do we measure the effectiveness of a vaccine?
Antibodies (measurement of correlate of protection)
Epidemiological assessment
How do we know that vaccines are safe for widespread human distribution?
Animal trials
Human trials
Post marketing surveillance
How does immunisation affect productivity?
It increases productivity in the long term as parent doesn’t need to take time off work to look after sick child
What are the indirect benefits of vaccines ?
- Prevents illness and reduces burden on healthcare system
- Not being ill means that children’s cognitive skills improve quicker
- The physical strength of children develops quicker
- School performance is improved
- Savings on medical expenditures
What are the immunological benefits from child vaccinations?
- Hib reduced the rate of disease in adults (children don’t carry)
- Pneumococcal - reduction of disease in older adults
- Meningococcal - similar reduction in carriage of C disease
What is the UK immunisation schedule?
8 weeks old: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio, Hib,
Hep B, Pneumococcal, Meningococcal,
Rotavirus gastroenteritis
12 weeks old: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio, Hib,
Hep B, Rotavirus
16 weeks old: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio, Hib,
Hep B, Pneumococcal, MenB
1 yr old: Hib + MenC, Pneumococcal, MMR, MenB,
Influenza (certain groups)
3 yrs 4 months old: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio,
MMR
GIRLS 12-13yrs: HPV 16 + 18
14 yrs old: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Polio, MenACWY
65 yrs old: Pneumococcal
65+ yrs: Influenza (September each year)
70 yrs old: Shingles
What is vaccine hesitancy?
Delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services. Includes factors such as complacency, convenience and confidence.
