Basic LA Reproductive SX

Question 1

What vaccine should a stallion receive before castration?

Answer 1

tetanus

Question 2

What are the two key parts of the PE prior to elective castration SX?

Answer 2

check respiratory and CV systems

palpate for two descended testicles

Question 3

In which LA is standing castration CI?

Answer 3

mules & donkeys

Question 4

What is the difference between closed, open, and half-closed castrations?

Answer 4

open = vaginal tunic incised & not emasculated;

closed = vaginal tunic not incised so included in emasculation;

half-closed = vaginal tunic incised but included in emasculation.

Question 5

How long do you leave the emasculators on for?

Answer 5

1-2 minutes

Question 6

What are the pros and cons for a standing castration?

Answer 6

Question 7

What are the pros & cons for a recumbent castration?

Answer 7

Question 8

What is the difference in the action of the serra vs. the reimer emasculators?

Answer 8

Serra: crush & cut

reimer: crush then cut

Question 9

What is the recommended aftercare for a castration?

Answer 9

Question 10

Which breeds of horses are more prone to evisceration? Hemorrhage?

Answer 10

TW, standardbreds, saddlebreds

donkeys

Question 11

List the Possible complications of castration?

Answer 11

Question 12

What is the difference between the left vs. right testicle being retained in a horse?

Answer 12

Most horses with the left testicle retained will have the testicle within the abdomen, whereas right retained testicles tend to be within the inguinal canal.

Question 13

What is the difference in rectal palpation between a cryptorchid who has an inguinal vs. abdominal testicle?

Answer 13

If the testis is within the inguinal canal, spermatic cord structures will be palpable traveling into the inguinal canal, whereas if the testis is within the abdomen, these structures will be absent.

Question 14

What are the various hormonal assays that can be performed to verify a horse is a cryptorchid?

Answer 14

testosterone- not good since values vary widely in stallions

HCG- human chorionic gonadotropin; stimulates a significant increase in basal Testosterone after administration in stallions than in geldings

estrogen & estrone sulfate- crypts/stallions have higher amounts than geldings

Question 15

Where are the instrument portals made for a standing vs. recumbent laparoscopic sx for cryptorchid?

Answer 15

parainguinal region (recumbent)

paralumbar fossa (standing)

Question 16

What drug is often associated with penile paralysis?

Answer 16

phenothiazine tranq.

Question 17

What is the most common indication for SX of the penis?

Answer 17

penile neoplasia (SCC)

habronemiasis (“summer sores”) unresponsive to medical management

Question 18

What procedure is commonly performed to remove masses from the penis?

When would this procedure be CI?

Answer 18

Segmental Posthetomy (“Circumcision”, “Reefing”)

if the urethra or penile shaft is involved, reefing is not likely to provide an optimal outcome and other procedures should be considered.

Question 19

When is a phallectomy (penile amputation) indicated?

Describe the procedure.

Answer 19

penile masses involving tissues deeper than the skin, a phallectomy (penile amputation) is often indicated.

This involves resection of all affected tissue and the creation of a new urethral stoma by suturing urethral mucosa to the skin of the caudal ventral abdomen.

Question 20

What procedure should be performed prior to foaling is an episioplasty was performed on a mare? Why?

Answer 20

episiotomy

to avoid extensive injury and tearing of the vulvar and labial tissue.

Question 21

When would an episioplasty be indicated?

Answer 21

Question 22

What are the top two neoplastic processes involving the ovary?

Answer 22

GCT

teratoma

Question 23

What procedure can be performed for a urovagina?

Answer 23

urethral extension (urethroplasty)

creates a more caudal opening into the urethra

Question 24

What are the common perineal lacerations? Risk factors?

Is it an emergency?

Answer 24

rectovaginal laceration & fistula

first foal and unassisted birth***

no, have to wait a month anyway for it to heal (tissues too friable right after birth)

Question 25

What conformational changes that can be noted on general examination may be associated w/ a granulosa-thecal cell tumors?

Answer 25

crested neck, increased muscle mass, enlarged clitoris

Question 26

To differentiate between a GCT on an ovary and some other mass (hematoma), what can you check?

Answer 26

the CL ovary (should be atrophied)

Question 27

What two hormone levels will be elevated with GCT?

Answer 27

inhibin (produced by granulosa cells)

testosterone

Question 28

What structure will be lacking with a GCT of the ovary?

Answer 28

ovulation fossa

Question 29

What is the most common reason owner’s want their mare ovariectomized?

Answer 29

poor behavior

Question 30

What are the different procedures for performing an ovariectomy? Main complication?

Answer 30

Question 31

Based on the size of the ovary, what approaches should be used for ovariectomy?

Answer 31

A colpotomy (vaginal) approach should only be used to remove normal ovaries less than 8-10 cm in diameter;

ovaries up to 15 cm in diameter can be removed safely through a flank approach;

larger ovaries should be removed through a celiotomy incision.

Question 32

Why has traditional celiotomy approaches to ovariectomy have a higher morbidity and mortality than other elective procedures?

Answer 32

Especially in dorsal recumbency, traction on the mesovarium is thought to result in a reflex hypotension that can potentially lead to inadequate peripheral circulation, resulting in postoperative myopathy and/or neuropathy.

Question 33

How can uterine torsion be diagnosed?

Answer 33

Rectal examination is diagnostic for this problem, as the broad ligaments can be palpated crossing each other in the caudal abdomen.

Question 34

How much time from the onset of Stage 2 of parturition do you have to save the foal?

Answer 34

90 minutes

Question 35

What are the most common indications for a C-section in mares?

Answer 35

a transverse presentation, uterine torsion, and/or uterine rupture and carpal contracture in the foal.

Question 36

What alternatives to C-section can be attempted first?

Answer 36

vaginal assisted delivery

controlled vaginal delivery

fetotomy (if foal is dead)