Resp/Thoracic LA

Question 1

What is the primary source of resistance in the respiratory system?

Answer 1

upper airways (esp. oral cavity)

Question 2

Why do horse w/ UA issues often present with noisy dyspneic breathing?

Answer 2

increase resistance→decrease ventilation

increase turbulence→increase noise

Question 3

What is a major consideration for sinoscopy procedure?

Answer 3

AGE (<teens>
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Question 4

What two anatomical structures can be assessed well with rads?

Answer 4

paranasal sinuses

dental arcades

Question 5

What is the biggest issue with rads?

Answer 5

superimposition of structures

Question 6

What is the benefit of CT/MRI compared to rads of the head/larynx?

Answer 6

no superimposition of structures

Question 7

What is MRI good for?

Answer 7

ST detail

Question 8

What is engorgement of the nasal mucosa associated with?

Answer 8

Horner’s syndrome

Question 9

Wry nose

Answer 9

deviation of the maxilla

Question 10

Answer 10

epidermal inclusion cyst (atheromas)

Question 11

What are the different sinuses in the head and are they connected? Connected to the nose?

Answer 11

Paired Sinuses
◦ Frontal
◦ Caudal maxillary
◦ Rostral maxillary
◦ Dorsal conchal
◦ Ventral conchal
◦ Sphenopalatine
all comunicate on the same side either direct/indirect

all communicate to nose via nasomaxillary aperature/middle meatus

Question 12

What are the primary and secondary diseases associated w/ sinusitis?

Answer 12

primary: usually strep. sp.
secondary: dental dz*, mass, trauma

Question 13

Main diagnostics for paranasal sinuses?

Answer 13

Question 14

What is the arrow pointing to?

Answer 14

fluid line

Question 15

How do you know this is sinusitis and not a mass in the sinus?

Answer 15

presence of gas in the sinus

Question 16

What is the general tx for sinusitis?

Answer 16

Primary: lavage (trephine), abx, +/- SX debridement

Secondary: address underlying cause & tx like primary

Question 17

What are the landmarks for frontal sinus trephination?

Answer 17

Question 18

location of caudal maxillary sinus for trephination?

Answer 18

2cm ventral to the medial canthus

Question 19

location of rostral maxillary sinus

Answer 19

Question 20

A horse presents with a facial deformity. DDX?

Tx? Prognosis?

Answer 20

paranasal sinus cyst

SX debridement; good prognosis

Question 21

Most common sinus neoplasia?

Answer 21

SCC

Question 22

Mild intermittent epistaxis (most often unilateral) w/o facial deformity/sig airway obstruction indicates?

Answer 22

progressive ethmoid hematoma

Question 23

What is the best way to diagnose an ethmoid hematoma?

Answer 23

endoscopy

Question 24

What are the three ways to tx an ethmoid hematoma?

Answer 24

intralesional 10% formalin

LASER photoablation

surgical removal (sinus)

Prognosis is good but recurrence not uncommon

Question 25

What conditions are associated with the pharynx in adults and foals?

Answer 25

Question 26

In which horses is this condition seen? How to tx?

Answer 26

lymphoid hyperplasia: young horses (immune stimulation) dx: endoscopy tx: rarely needed (rest & anti-inflam)

Question 27

When performing an exercising endoscopy on a horse with a possible dorsal displacement of the soft palate, when would you expect to hear noise from the breathing?

Answer 27

during expiration

Question 28

What are the conservative and SX treatments for DDSP?

Answer 28

Question 29

What is the prognosis for tx of DDSP in horses?

Answer 29

60% 80-90% for the tie-forward in standardbred racehorses

Question 30

If a horse has RL nerve paralysis, when will noise be herd with breathing? Most common side? Breeds?

Answer 30

inspiration left side TB/draft

Question 31

How can recurrent laryngeal paralysis be DX?

Answer 31

Question 32

TX for RL neuropathy?

Answer 32

Question 33

What exists in the lateral compartment of the guttural pouch?

Answer 33

external carotid a. & maxillary a. facial n.

Question 34

What exists in the medial compartment of the guttural pouch?

Answer 34

Question 35

Most common infectious agent causing guttural pouch mycosis?

Answer 35

Aspergillus

Question 36

How do you differentiate epistaxis from GP mycosis vs. rupture of the ventral straight muscles?

Answer 36

VSM: avulsion fracture at the base of the skull

Question 37

A horse presents with epistaxis, nasal discharge, miosis (ie, constricted pupil), partial ptosis, and loss of hemifacial sweating (ie, anhidrosis), dysphagia & abnormal resp noise. DDX?

Answer 37

GP mycosis

Question 38

The tracheal rings are incomplete (ventral/dorsal).

Answer 38

dorsal

Question 39

What are the layers of the trachea?

Answer 39

Question 40

Location for tracheostomy tube placement?

Answer 40