Basic Labs Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
RBC normal values
A
M: 4.7-6.1
F: 4.2-5.4
2
Q
Na+ normal value
A
135-145 serum
3
Q
K+ normal value
A
3.5-5
4
Q
MCV normal value
A
80-100fl
5
Q
RDW normal range
A
11.5-14.5%
6
Q
Hgb normal range
A
M: 13.5-17.5 g/dL
F: 12-15.5 g/dL
7
Q
Hct normal range
A
M: 38.8-50%
F: 32.9-44.5%
8
Q
Microcytes pathology
A
- abn. hemoglobin syn.
- abn. heme syn. (siderblastic anemia)
- abn globin syn (thalassemia)
- chronic disease states
- Iron deficiency
9
Q
Macrocytes pathology
A
- deficient Vit. B12/Folic acid
- accelerated erythropoiesis
- liver disease
- post-splenectomy
- chemotherapy
- hypothyroidism
10
Q
Piokilocytosis
A
is variation in cell shape: poikilocytes may be oval, teardrop-shaped, sickle-shaped or irregularly contracted. Normal red blood cells are round, flattened disks that are thinner in the middle than at the edges. A poikilocyte is an abnormally shaped cell.
11
Q
Target cells are caused by?
A
- Liver dysfunction
- various anemias
- Hgb-opathies, thalassemia
12
Q
Spherocytes (brittle cells) cased by?
A
- hereditary
- hemolytic anemia
- age of RBCs
13
Q
Stomatocytes
A
- cirrhosis
- pH imbalance
14
Q
WBC normal range
A
4,500 to 10,000 per microliter
15
Q
What does a WBC differential tell us?
A
it reveals the percent of each type of WBC
16
Q
Name the 6 types of WBC
A
Neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils band lymphocytes
17
Q
Band lymphocytes are?
A
young neutophils
18
Q
Neutrophils %
A
40 to 75%
19
Q
Lymphocytes %
A
30 to 40%
20
Q
Monocytes %
A
2 to 8%
21
Q
Eosinophils %
A
1 to 4%
22
Q
Basophils %
A
0.5 to 1%
23
Q
Which WBC elevates with infection and use of steroids?
A
Neutrophil
24
Q
Which WBC increases with viral infections, EBV and pertussis?
A
Lymphocytes
25
Neutophils decrease due to...?
immune reaction, gram neg. sepsis, and drugs
26
what is meant by a left shift?
A left shift is an increase in the number of immature leukocytes in the peripheral blood, particularly neutrophil band cells
27
Lymphocytes are...?
B-cells which make antibodies and Ctyotoxic and Helper T-cells
28
Lymphocytes decrease due to...?
HIV infection, corticosteroids, and severe infections
29
Atypical Lymphocytes are caused by?
infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
30
Monocytes are...?
precursor to the phagocyte,
| called a macrophage in the tissues
31
Which WBC target anti-body coated parasites via granule release?
Eosinophils
32
What WBC is rarely seen but can be elevated during inflammation?
Basophils
33
Normal range for platelets?
150,000 to 450,000 per microliter of blood
34
Platelets are formed in the ...?
bone marrow
35
Lifespan of platelets
7-9 days
36
Sodium in the body is mainly found.....?
Extracellular fluid, with small intracellular concentration
37
Which cation is used as the determinant of extracellular osmolality?
a) K+
b) Na+
c) Ca+
d) both (a) and (b)
b) Na+
38
Na+ is regulated by which 3 hormones?
- Aldosterone hormone
- Natriuretic hormone
- Antidiruretic hormone (ADH)
39
The body secretes the Aldosterone hormone due to ......... causing the ........... to reabsorb Na+ to ...............
The body secretes the Aldosterone hormone due to LOW LEVELS OF NA+ causing the KIDNEYS to reabsorb Na+ to INCREASE NA+.
40
T or F
| Increased aldosterone will be present with increased Na+.
True.
| Aldosterone will increase due to decreasing Na+. The rise of aldosterone increases Na+ so both will be elevated.
41
Natriuretic hormone:
a) increases with increased Na+
b) decreases with increased Na+
c) Increases with increased K+
d) decreases with decreased K+
A) increases with increased Na+.
| - Natriuretic Hormone is stimulated by elevated levels of Na+ causing kidneys to excrete Na+.
42
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) controls ?
reabsorption of water at the distal tubules. Increased ADH increases reabsorption of water diluting Na+
43
Hyponatremia causes ?
secretion of Aldosterone to:
- increase reabsorbtion of Na+
- Conserve Na+
44
Hypernatremia causes ?
Secretion of Natriuretic to:
- decrease Na+ reabsorbtion
- excrete Na+
45
K+ is the major cation within the .......?
cell.
| intracellular concentration is approx. 150 mEq/L
46
why is K+ is important?
- maintains cell membrane electrical potential
- protein synthesis
- cardiac function
47
K+ is pushed into the cell when?
there is an increased in pH (alkalosis). This pushes H+ out of the cell to decrease pH (acidosis)
48
K+ is pushed into the blood when?
when there is a decrease in pH (acidosis).
| This causes H+ to go into the cell increasing blood pH making blood more alkaloid.
49
As sodium is reabsorbed K+ is .........?
lost/secreted by the kidneys
50
Normal range for CO2-
23-28 mEq/L
51
CO2- is a total measurement of?
- Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)
- Dissolved CO2-
- Serum Bicarbonate (HCO3-) --95% of total serum CO2-
52
The primary and secondary roles of CO2- is to maintain what?
Primary: Maintain stable acid-base pH
Secondary: maintain electrical neutrality
53
Chloride normal range
98-106 mEq/L extracellular and approx 4 mEq/L intracellular
54
Cl- moves in and out of the cell with ? and ?
Na+ and K+
55
Cl- and Na+ affect ............. and ........ balance.
water and pH
56
as Cl- shifts into the cell ? moves out of the cell
HCO3-
57
What is included in the Basic Metabolic Panel?
BUN
Creatinine
Calcium
Glucose
58
BUN normal range
7-20 mg/dl
59
end product of protein metabolism in the liver
Urea
60
Urea combines with free ammonia in the liver forming ?
nitrogen
61
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) is used to indirectly measure:
- renal function
- GFR
- Liver function
62
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) is influenced by
- Protein intake
- hydration status
- GI bleed
63
approx. 2/3 of renal function is lost before a significant rise in ............ levels is noted
BUN
64
An elevated Creatinine level is more specific than ? for renal insufficiency
BUN
65
Uric Acid normal leves
Male: 4-8.5 mg/dL
Female: 2.7-7.3 mg/dL
66
causes for hyperuricemia?
alcoholism, leukemia, metastatic cancer, DM
67
Causes for hypouricemia?
idiopathic, chronic renal disease, acidosis, hypothyroidism
68
Normal creatinine levels
Male: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
Female: 0.5-1.0 mg/dl
69
What is the waste product produced by skeletal muscles?
creatinine
70
Doubling of cratinine suggests ?
a 50% GFR reduction
71
Ca+ normal range
9-10.5 mg/dL
72
what are the reservoirs of Ca+?
bones and teeth
73
approx 1/2 of total calcium is bound mainly to what?
albumin
74
If albumin drops you should see a drop in what cation?
Ca+
75
Ca+ is vital for......?
muscle contraction, cardiac regulation and neural blood clotting
76
If there are issues with Ca+ monitor what?
parathyroid function and Ca+ metabolism
77
Ca+ levels are used to monitor ?
- renal failure
- renal transplantation
- hyperparathyroidism
- various malignancies
78
normal glucose levels
70-110mg/dL
79
Low persistent glucose levels causes ?
protein and fatty acid breakdown under glucagon stimulation
80
insulin attaches to receptors in ?
muscle, fat, and liver cells
81
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) normal range
30-120 U/L
82
ALP is used to ?
detect and monitor diseases of the liver or bone
83
Phosphatase enzyme main function is to ?
increase an alkaline environment
84
Intra-hepatic ALP is the most sensitive test for ?
indication of tumor metastatic to the liver
85
Extra-hepatic ALP increase indicates?
- New bone growth/healing fractures
- osteoblastic metastatic tumors (prostate, breast)
- paget's disease
- RA
- hyperthyroidism
86
total Bilirubin normal range
0.3-1 mg/dl
87
70-85% of bilirubin is....?
indirect (unconjugated)
88
Bilirubin levels expected during Jaundice?
Above 2.5 mg/dl
89
Albumin normal ranges
3.5-5g/dL
90
Albumin's major effect within the blood is to maintain .......?
Colloidal osmotic pressure
91
Albumin transports ............?
Hormones, vitamins, enzymes, and medications
92
Protein normal range
6.4-8.3 g/dl
93
combination of albumin and globulins = ?
total serum protein
94
what makes up 60% of protein in the blood?
albumin
95
Where is albumin synthesized?
liver
96
Globulins are made to do what?
fight infection,
| transport metals
97
Globulins are synthesized in what?
liver and immune system
98
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) normal range
0-35 U/L
99
AST increases with .....?
tissue damage, cell lyse
100
Alamine Aminotransterase (ALT) normal range
4-36 U/L
101
ALT increases with ...........?
injury or disease affecting the liver
102
Most ALT elevations are caused by .............. dysfunction
Liver
103
Amylase normal ranges
60/120 U/L
104
Amylase is secreted within 2 hours by the ?
Kidneys
105
Lipase normal range
0-160 U/L
106
What does lipase do?
breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids
107
what is used to detect acute pancreatitis?
Lipase, can be 5-10 times above normal. May rise later than amylase
-Amylase to verify
108
what is used to detect renal insufficiency, intestinal infarction or obstruction?
lipase
109
Lipid panel includes
```
total cholesterol
LDL
HDL
Triglycerides
Total Cholesterol/HDL ratio
VLDL
```
110
Most accurate predictor for risk of Coronary heart disease
Total cholesterol
111
Total Cholesterol range
<200 gm/dL
112
Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL) range
<100 gm/dL
113
High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) range
> or = 60 mg/dL
114
Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) range
7-32 mg/dL
115
Triglycerides are formed in the ..........?
liver
116
Normal Triglyceride range
Male: 40-160 mg/dL
Female: 35-135 mg/dL
117
Triglycerides transport...........?
VLDL and LDL
118
Elevated T3, T4 means ?
Hyperthyroidism
119
If TSH is low then ?
Hyperthyroidism, if thyroid is overactive secretion of TSH is reduced to compensate
120
Decreased T3, T4 means ?
Hypothyroidism
121
Hypothyroidism will show TSH is ?
High, Over secretion of TSH due to thyroid not responding
122
TSH normal range
0.4 to 4
123
T4 normal ranges
4.5 to 111.2
124
T3 normal ranges
100-200
125
Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) normal range for diabetic and non-diabetic
Diabetic > 7%
| Non-Diabetic 4%-6%
126
PSA indicates ?
prostate cancer, prostate infection, BPH
127
HbA1C is an indicator of ?
diabetic control over last 3 months
128
Anion Gap is used to......?
determine cause of metabolic acidosis
129
Define anion gap
the sum of serum anion concentrations subtracted from the serum cation concentrations
130
increased Anion Gap indicates ?
```
Renal Failure
lactic acid
DKA
Alcholoic ketoacidosis
starvation
GI loss
Hypoaldosteronism
```
131
Decreased Anion Gap indicates ?
Multiple myeloma
Excess Alkali ingestion
Chronic Vomiting/gastric suctioning
hyperaldosteronism
132
ABGs are comprised of ?
Blood pH
PCO2: partial pressure of CO2 in blood
HCO3- or CO2: bicarb ion or carbon dioxide
133
Normal Blood pH
7.35-7.45
134
ABG acronym R.O.M.E means
Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal
If pH & PCO2 move OPPOSITE = Respiratory
If pH & PCO2 move TOGETHER = Metabolic
135
UA is a Non-invasive study for patient's with: ?
- abdominal pain
- back pain
- dysuria
- hematuria
- urinary frequency
- urinary leakage
- FUO (fever of unknown origin)
136
Dark red urine indicates
Bleeding from kidney
137
Bright red urine indicates
bleeding from lower urinary tract
138
Green urine indicates
pseudomonas infection
139
cloudy urine indicates
WBC, RBC, Pus, Bacteria
140
sweet smelling urine of acetone =
DKA
141
Specific gravity normal range
1.003-1.030
142
what does specific gravity measure?
concentration of chemical particles (wastes and electrolytes) in urine
143
Low Specific gravity may indicate ?
hydration status, protein in urine, glucose in urine, chronic renal disease
144
Dark yellow or Orange urine indicates ?
bilirubin in urine suggesting bile duct obstruction or issues with bilirubin metabolism/excretion
