Basic organic chemistry Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
what is oxidation
A
h
2
Q
what is reduction
A
j
2
Q
Whats the difference between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
A
in substrate energy is realeased directly from substrate to ADP, in oxidative phosphorylation a series of oxidation-reduction reactions in which coenzymes carry electrons to an electron transport chain these electrons then are transferred to oxygen in which ATP is generated
3
Q
anabolism
A
chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monmers to form the body’s complex structural and functional components
4
Q
metabolism
A
the chemical reaction that occur in the body
4
Q
What is the overall equation for aerobic cellular respiration?
A
the process in which cells break down glucose to carbon dioxide and water in order to extract metabolic energy
5
Q
exergonic
A
overall catabolic (decomposition) reactions are
6
Q
catabolism
A
chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simple ones
7
Q
catabolic
A
an important set of ___________________catabolic reactions occur in glycolysis, krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain
7
Q
What is the overall reaction of the citric acid cycle?
A
Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle or Kreb cycle, carbon dioxide is generated, For each acetyl CoA 1 GTP is converted to ATP, NADH and FADH2 go to the electron transport chain
8
Q
catabolism
A
they produce more energy than they consume, releasing the chemical energy stored in organic molecules
9
Q
oxidation
A
the result is a decrease in the potential energy of the atom or molecue
10
Q
oxidation
A
the removal of electrons from an atom or moleucle
10
Q
Which stage of cellular respiration makes the most ATP?
A
Aerobic
11
Q
dehydrogenation
A
because most biological oxidation reactions involve the loss of hydrogen atoms they are called
12
Q
coenzyme
A
when a substance is oxidized the liberated hydrogen atoms do not remain free in the cell but are transferred immediatley by______________to antoher compound
12
Q
How many ATPs are made in aerobic cellular respiration?
A
36-38
13
Q
reduction
A
it is the addition of electrons to a molecule
14
Q
reduction
A
an increase in the potential energy of the molecule is a result of
15
Q
reduction
A
the conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid is an example of
15
Q
What is the function of fermentation?
A
To produce alcohol or making dairy
16
Q
oxidation
A
this is a result of a decrease in the potential energy of an atom or molecule
17
Q
oxidation
A
removal of electrons
18
Q
hydrogen carriers
A
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAPP+), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are examples of
19
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid
20
reduction
addition of electrons
21
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)
a coenzyme similar to NAD and present in most living cells but serves as a reductant in different metabolic processes
22
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
serves as a reductant in various metabolic processes
23
clavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
a coenzyme that is a derivative of riboflavin and functions in certain oxidation-reduction reaction in the body
24
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)
has an extra phosphate group
25
substrate-level phosphorylation
directly to ADP in human cells this process occurs in the cytosol
26
substrate-level phosphorylation
generates ATP by transferring a high energy phosphate group from an intermediate phosphorylated metabolic compound
27
oxidative phosphorylation
this process occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane of cells
28
oxidative phosphorylation
removes electrons from organic compounds and passes them through a series of electron acceptors, called electron transport chain to molecules of oxygen.
29
ways to generate ATP
substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation are examples of
30
photophosphorylation
occurs only in chlorophyll containing plant cells or in certain bacteria that contain bacteria that contain other light absorbing pigments
31
glycolysis
reaction does not require oxygen (anaerobic cellular respiration)
32
glycolysis
conversion of glucose into pyruvic acid results in production of some ATP.
33
4 or 6 ATP's (oxidative phosphorylation in electron transport chain)
production of 2 NADH + H results in
34
2 ATP's (substrate level phosphorylation)
oxidation of one glucose molecule to two pyruvic acid molecules produce
35
formation of acetyl coenzyme A
a transition step that prepares pyruvic acid for entrance into the krebs cycle
36
krebs cycle
named from a biochemist
37
krebs cycle
also known as citric acid cycle
38
oxygen
the fate of pyruvic acid produced during glycolysis depends on the availability
39
krebs cycle
reaction occurs in the matrix of mitochondria and consist of a series of oxidation-reductions and decarboxylation reactions that release CO2
40
ATP
glycolysis the krebs cycle and especially the electron transport change provide all the ___________________for cellular activities
41
krebs cycle
the oxidation-reduction reactions transfer chemical energy, in the form of electrons to two coenzymes NAD+ and FAD
42
electron transport chain reactions
series of electron carriers, integral membrane proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane
43
krebs cycle and electron transport chain
require oxygen to produce ATP and are collectively known as aerobic cellular respiration
44
electron transport chain reactions
each carrier in the chain is reduced as it picks up electrons and oxidized as it gives up electrons
45
2 ATP's
glycolysis: oxidation of one glucose molecule to two pyruvic acid molecules yield
46
6 ATP's
formation of two molecules of acetyl coenzyme A: 2NADH + 2+ yields
47
4 or 6 ATP's
glycolysis: production of 2 NADH + H yeilds
48
2 GTP's that are converted to 2 ATP's
oxidation of succinyl CoA to succinic acid yields
49
4 ATP's
production of 2 FADH2 yields
50
18 ATP's
production of 6 NADH + 6 H+ yields
51
oxygen
because the krebs cycle and electron transport chain are aerobic processes cells cannot carry on their activities for long if this is missing
52
36 or 38 ATP's
ATP produced in cellular respiration from glycolysis to electron transport chain
53
chemiosmosis
process that links the passage of electron along the electron transport chain with the pumping of hydrogen ions
54
chemiosmosis
relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration
55
chemiosmosis
the diffusion of ions across a selectively permeable membrane
56
proton pump
energy from NADH + H+ passes along the electron transport chain and is used to pump H+ from the matrix of the mitochondrion into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. This mechanism is called
57
NADH + H+
energy from this is passed along the elecrton transport chain and is used to pump H+ from the matrix of the mitochondrion into the space between the inner and outer mitochondial membranes
58
chemiosmosis
ATP synthesis then occurs as hydrogen ions flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through a special type of H+ channel in the inner membrane. This is part of this process
59
chemiosmosis
a high concentration of H+ accumulates between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes during this process
60
glycogenesis
the synthesis of glycogen
61
glycogen
blood poduces
62
glycogenesis
stimulated by insulin
63
protein synthesis
stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine
64
glycogenolysis
the process of splitting glycogen into its glucose subunits
65
lipogenesis
breakdown of lipids
66
protein synthesis
protein breakdown
67
lipogenesis
occurs when individuals consume more calories than are needed to satisfy their ATP needs.
68
lipogenesis
stimulated by insulin
69
adipogenesis
production of fat, either fatty degeneration or fatty infiltration
70
lipogenesis
liver cells and adipose cells can synthesize lipids from glucose or amino acids through this process
71
lipogenesis
the normal deposition of fat or the conversion of carbohydrate or protein to fat
72
lipolysis
stimulated by epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol
73
lipolysis
the breakdown, splitting or decomposition of fat stored in cells
74
gluconeogenesis
the process by which glucose is formed from these noncarbohydrate sources
75
gluconeogenesis
stimulated by cortisol and glucagon
76
4 hours
a typical meal takes about how many hours for complete reabsorption
77
absorptive
during this state ingested nutrients are entering the blodd steam and glucose is readily availabe for ATP production
78
postabsorptive
absorption of nutrients from the GI tract is complete and energy needs must be met by fuels already in the body
79
12 hours
given three meals a day the absorption state exist in about
80
postabsorptive
assuming no in between snaks the other 12 hours typically late morning, late afernon and most of the night are spent in this state
81
postabsorptive
during fasting and starvation many body cells turn to ketone bodies for ATP production during this state
82
postabsorptive
many hormones regulate metabolism in this state
83
10
how many essential vitamins
84
20
how many amino acids are there
85
essential amino acids
you must include these in your diet
86
essential amino acids
these must be present in the diet because they cannot be synthesized in the body in adequate amounts
87
non-essential amino acids
can be synthesized by body cells
88
essential amino acids
humans are unable to synthesize eight of these
89
transamination
the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to pyruvic acid or to an acid in the krebs sycle
90
non-essential amino acids
are formed by transamination
91
water soluble vitamins
B complex and vitamin C are examples of
92
protein synthesis
once the appropriate essential and non essential amino acids are present in cells________________occurs rapidly.
93
fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, and K are examples of
94
water soluble vitamins
not readily stored in body
95
water soluble vitamins
excreeted in urine when there is excess
96
basal metabolic rate
basal metabolism of an animal
97
fat soluble vitamins
absorbed with fat in diet
98
basal metabolic rate
the minimum amount of energy (expressed in number of calories) our body needs to stay alive at rest
99
basal metabolic rate
the mninimal rate of energy expenditure compatible with life
100
conduction
heat exchange that occurs between molecules of two materials that are of different temp
101
basal metabolic rate
T3 and T4 control
102
radiating
your body loses heat by____________more infrared waves than it absorbs from cooler objects.
103
radiation
the trasfer of heat in the form of infrared rays between a warmer object and a cooler one without physical contact.
104
radiation
if surrounding objects are warmer than you are youabsorb more heat than you lose by evaporation
105
58 cal /ml
every milliliter of evaportating water takes with it a great deal of heat about
106
evaporation
the conversion of a liquid to a vapor
107
700ml
amount of water loss through evaporation per day
108
evaporation
under typical resing conditions about 22% of heat loss occurs through
109
400ml
amount of water loss from the skin surface
110
300ml
amount of water loss through exhaled air
111
coenzyme Q
shuttles electron to second pump
112
FMN
oxidized as it passes electrons to the iron sulfur center
113
heat
a form of energy that can be measured as temperature
114
calorie
temp. of 1 gram of water
115
shivering
the resulting contraction in the antagonist stretches muscle spindles in the agonist, and it too develops a stretch reflex. This repetative cycle is called
116
temperature
expressed in units called calories
117
oxidation
removal of electrons or hydrogen
118
generation of ATP
substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation are example of
119
reduction
addition of electrons or hydrogen
120
Glu T4
transporters for most cells increases with insulin
121
facilitated diffusion
glucose movement into cells by
122
glucose
this gets phosphorylated when it enter cells and then it can't leave
123
Glu T
for neurons and liver cells always allows entry
124
glycolysis
occurs in the cytoplasm and in anaerobic
125
36 to 38 ATP
aerobic respiration yeild
126
vitamin B2 and riboflavin
FMN, flavin mononucleotide from
127
mitochondria
formation of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA and krebs andelectron transport chain occur in
128
iron sulfur center
found in center of a protein
129
cytochromes
proteins with heme
130
electron carrier
FMN, cytochromes, iron sulfur centers, copper atoms and ubiquinones are examples of
131
4
how many molecules of ATP can you potentially get by SLP
132
chemiosmosis
process that links the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain with the pumping o hydrogen ions
133
insulin
facilltated diffusion of glucose into cells stimulating hormone is
134
32 or 34
how many molecules of ATP can you potentially get by OP
135
insulin
glycogenesis stimulating hormone is
136
insulin
active transport of amino acids into cells the stimulating hormone is
137
glycogenolysis
glucagon and epinephrine stimulate
138
protein synthesis
insulin, thyroid hormones, and insulin-like growth factors are stimulating factors for
139
protein breakdown
cortisol stimulates
140
lipolysis
epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, insulinlike growth factors, thyroid hormones stimulate
141
gluconeogenesis
glucagon and cortisol stimulate
142
What are oxidation-reduction reactions?
how cells transfer energy from one compound to another
144
What role do co-enzymes play in cellular respiration?
Coenzymes carry energy from broken chemical bond of the substrate to the formation of the high energy bond of ATP, act as mobile electron carriers, transport electrons to the electron transport chain where most of the ATP is made
146
What is the overall reaction of glycolysis?
Sugar splitting reaction
147
What is the overall reaction of the bridging step?
Pyruvic acid is converted in to acetyl CoA carbon dioxide is generated Electrons pick up NAD+ and convert it to NADH, NADH will go to the electron transport chain
149
Where does each step of cellular respiration occur?
Cytosol
150
What is the electron transport chain? What is terminal electron acceptor?
A series of electron carriers bound to a membrane
152
Explain how ATP is made by chemiosmosis in mitochondrion?
Energy released in the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ across the membrane from the matrix into the intermemebrane space
154
How many ATPs are made in anaerobic respiration?
2
155
What is the difference between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?
Alcohol performed by fermetative yeasts, Lactic performed by bacteria
157
How are proteins catabolized? What is the major nitrogen-containing waste that is made?
Amino groups are removed from amino acids, they combine with H+ to form NH3, which is then converted into urea by liver enzymes, Urea
158
How are fats and oils catabolized? What is B-Oxidation?
Fats are catabolized into monoglycerides and fatty acids, then chopped into acetyl units, B-oxidation is a short chain of fatty acids that occurs in mitochondria, and in long chain fatty acids in peroxisomes
159
What is nitrogen fixation? Why are root nodules important in the nitrogen?
Process of converting atmospheric N2 into ammonia, Root nodules of legume plants
