Basic Physiological Needs

Question 1

What is a need?

Answer 1

is a condition within the person that is essential and necessary for growth, well-being, and life.

Question 2

Need Support

Answer 2

Need support (food, water, sleep) maintains life and health, nurtures growth, and promotes well-being.

Question 3

Need Thwart

Answer 3

Need thwart (no food, no water, no sleep) threatens life and health, halts growth, and disrupts well-being. Because need thwarting is so threatening, the body puts up defenses in the form of rather urgent and attention-getting motivational and emotional states that provide the impetus to act before serious damage occurs.

Question 4

What are the three types of needs?

Answer 4

Physiological needs, Psychological needs and Implicit Motives

Question 5

Physiological need

Answer 5

A biological condition within the organism that synchronizes brain structures, hormones, and major organs to regulate bodily well-being and to correct bodily imbalances that are potential threats to growth, well-being, and life.
Examples include thirst, hunger, and sex.

Question 6

Psychological need

Answer 6

An inherent (inborn) psychological process that underlies the proactive desire to seek out interactions with the environment that can promote personal growth, social development, and psychological well-being. Examples include autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Question 7

Implicit need

Answer 7

A developmentally acquired (socialized) psychological process to seek out and spend time interacting with those environmental events associated with positive emotion during one’s socialization history. Examples include achievement, affiliation, and power.

Question 8

Drive

Answer 8

Theoretical term used to depict the psychological discomfort (felt tension and restlessness) stemming from the underlying and persistent biological deficit (energizes animal into action)

Question 9

Homeostasis

Answer 9

Bodies point of equilibrium (must maintain to be healthy and alive)

Question 10

Negative Feedback

Answer 10

Negative feedback refers to homeostasis’ physiological stop system (Mook, 1988). People eat and sleep but only until they are no longer hungry or sleepy. While drive activates behavior, negative feedback stops it.

Question 11

Multiple inputs/outputs

Answer 11

Drive has multiple inputs, or means of activation. The basic idea is that drive arises from a number of different sources (inputs) and motivates a number of different goal-directed behaviors (outputs) until satiety occurs.

Question 12

Intraorganismic Mechanisms

Answer 12

include all biological regulatory systems within the person that act in concert to activate, maintain and terminate biological needs that underlie drive. Brain structures, the endocrine system, and bodily organs constitute the three main categories of intraorganismic mechanisms.

Question 13

Extraorganismic Mechanisms

Answer 13

Extraorganismic mechanisms include all the environmental influences that play a part in activating, maintaining, and terminating psychological drive. The principal categories of extraorganismic mechanisms are cognitive, environmental, social, and cultural influences.

Question 14

what are the seven core regulatory processes

Answer 14

1. need
2. drive
3. homeostasis
4. negative feedback
5. multiple inputs/outputs
6. intraorganismic mechanisms
7. extraorganismic mechanisms

Question 15

What is the most important influence for drinking

Answer 15

Taste (pure water is tasteless and therefor offers no incentive above and beyond water replenishment

Question 16

What are the four tastes

Answer 16

sweet
salty
sour
bitter

Question 17

Short term appetite

Answer 17

The glucostatic hypothesis is a homeostatic-based model of short-term appetite.

Question 18

glucostatic hypothesis

Answer 18

argues that blood-sugar levels are critical to hunger—when blood glucose drops, people feel hungry and want to eat

Question 19

What is the brain region involved in termination of meals

Answer 19

neighboring ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

Question 20

Lipostatic Hypothesis

Answer 20

when the mass of fat stored drops below its homeostatic balance, adipose tissue secretes hormones (e.g., ghrelin) into the bloodstream to promote hunger

Question 21

What plays a critical role in the rise and fall of hunger?

Answer 21

Hormines
(Ghrelin from the stomach)
(leptin manufactured in fat cells)

Question 22

Set point theory

Answer 22

argues that each individual as a biologically determined bodyweight (fat thermostat) set by genetics either at birth or shortly thereafter)

Question 23

What environmental influences affect eating behavior?

Answer 23

time of day, stress, sight/smell/appearance/taste of food, also wheither our friends are obese (over 50% more likely to become obeseif friend has recently became obese)

Question 24

What are the two self regulatory influences in relation to eating?

Answer 24

• Cognitively Regulated Eating Style

- Restraint Release Situations

Question 25

Cognitively regulated eating style

Answer 25

attempting to control our weight using personal or cultural aspiration of weight. (people decide that it is the mind/will that should take over and regulate body weight

Question 26

Restraint-release situations

Answer 26

under conditions of anxiety, stress, alchohol, depression, or exposure to high-calorie foods, dieters become increasingly susceptible to dishinibition (restraint release) essentially dieters are more risk of binge eating.

Question 27

How is sexual behavior regulated (but not determined)

Answer 27

by hormones (sex hormones are androgen's e.g testosterone more in males) estrogen, progesterone and Oxycontin love hormone)

Question 28

What is the traditional sex response cycle?

Answer 28

- Desire - Arousal - Orgasm - Resolution

Question 29

What is the alternate Sex response cycle

Answer 29

- intimacy needs - being open and receptive to sexual stimuli - arousal - desire - enhanced intimacy

Question 30

Where is sexual pleasure associated

Answer 30

sub-cortical brains reward circuitry

Question 31

Where is sexual desire associated?

Answer 31

Posterior insula activation's (embodied state)

Question 32

Where is love associated?

Answer 32

anterior insula activations (positive subjective feelings)

Question 33

Facial metrics

Answer 33

the study of peoples judgements of the attractiveness of facial characteristics

Question 34

Facial metric parameters

Answer 34

- Length of face—hairline to chin - Width of face—cheekbone to cheekbone -Width of face at mouth Height of forehead—eyebrows to hairlines Height of upper head—pupil to top of head -Height of eyes - Width of eyes - Width of pupil -Separation of eyes -Cheekbone width (#2 minus #3) - Nostril width - Nose tip width - Length of nose -Thickness of upper lip -Thickness of lower lip -Height of smile - Width of smile - Length of chin

Question 35

Sexual scripts

Answer 35

one’s mental representation of the step-by-step sequence of events that occur during a typical sexual episode

Question 36

Sexual Schemas

Answer 36

beliefs about the sexual self that are derived from past experiences that feature both positive-approach-oriented thoughts and behaviors (sexual desire, sexual participation) as well as negative-avoidance-oriented thoughts and behaviors (sexual anxiety, fear, conservatism, and sexual inhibition).