Extrinsic Motivation and internalization

Question 1

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 1

“do this to get that” behavioral contract. Arises from environmental incentives and consequences such as food, money, praise ect.

Question 2

Operant conditioning

Answer 2

the process by which a person learns how to operate effectively in the environment. (learning to engage in behaviors that produce attractive consequences)

Question 3

what is the SRC model

Answer 3

Situation, response and consequence model.

Question 4

incentive

Answer 4

environmental event that attracts or repels a person toward or away from initiating a particular course of action. (incentives always proceed behavior, in doing so it creates an expectation that attractive or unattractive consequences are forthcoming)

Question 5

Reinforcer

Answer 5

any environmental object or events that increases behavior

Question 6

Why do reinforces increase behavior

Answer 6

1. Decreases drive
2. Increases arousal
3. Increases Arousal
4. It is attractive to the person
5. it feels good
6. it makes it possible to do something fun

Question 7

What are the three types of consequences?

Answer 7

Positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers and publishers

Question 8

Positive reinforcer

Answer 8

any environmental stimulus that when presented increwases the future probability of the desired behavior. approval, paychecks and trophies are positive reinforcers

Question 9

Rewards

Answer 9

An extrinsic rewards is any offering from one person given to another person in exchange for his or her service or achievement. Rewards sometimes do an do not work, rewards are best seen as potential motivators.

Question 10

What is the distinction between rewards and reinforcers

Answer 10

he distinction is that all positive reinforcers are rewards, while only some rewards function as positive reinforcers (because not all rewards increase behavior). That is, rewards sometimes do and sometimes do not work.

Question 11

Do rewards work

Answer 11

Rewards do work, rewards increase desired behavior, however as rewards become increasingly predictable they lose their trigger to trigger dopamine and hence lose their capacity to energize reward-directed behavior

Question 12

Negative reinforcer

Answer 12

is any environmental stimulus that, when removed increases the future probability of the desired behavior. like positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers increase behavior. unlike positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers are aversive, irritating stimuli. e.g. alarm clock makes people get out of bed.

Question 13

Punisher

Answer 13

any environmental stimulus that when presented decreases the future probability of the undesired behavior.

Question 14

do punishers work?

Answer 14

no punishers do not work

Question 15

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 15

Intrinsic motivation is the inherent desire to seek out novelty and challenge to explore and investigate, and to scratch and extend one capacaties. (people experience intrinsic motivation because they have psychological needs. intrinsic motivation is the expression of psychological need satisfaction

Question 16

What does an individual that is intrinsically motivated do

Answer 16

the task the person is engaged in provides a steady stream of opportunities for the person to feel free (autonomy), effective (competence) and emotionally close (relatedness). When people feel these three they express their intrinsic motivation by saying things like thats fun

Question 17

The hidden const of reward

Answer 17

Rewards adverse effect on intrinsic motivation

Question 18

Intended effects of using rewards

Answer 18

-produces compliance

Question 19

Unintended side effects of using rewards

Answer 19

• Undermines intrinsic motivation
• interferes with the quality and process of learning
• interferes with the capacity for autonomous self-regulation

Question 20

Name the types of extrinsic motivation that do not have an effect on intrinsic motivation

Answer 20

verbal and symbolic

Question 21

Name the type of exrinsic motivation types that do effect intrinsic motivation

Answer 21

rewards that people can touch, feel, and taste (tangible)

Question 22

What are te four reasons not to use extrinsic motivators, even for uninterestic endeavors

Answer 22

1. Extrinsic motivators still undermine the quality of performance and interfere with the process of learning
2. Using rewards distracts attention away from asking the hard question of why another person is being asked to do an uninteresting task in the first place
3. There are better ways to encourage participation than extrinsic bribery
4. Extrinsic motivators still undermine the individuals long-term capacity for autonomous self-regulation

Question 23

When are times you can use extrinsic motivation that will not effect intrinsic motivation?

Answer 23

When the task you want people to do is not intrinsically interesting

Question 24

What is the general consensus of extrinsic motivators

Answer 24

they carry too high of a psychological price and developmental cost in terms of intrinsic motivation, learning, and autonomous self-regulation

Question 25

Cognitive evaluation theory

Answer 25

theory presumes that people have psychological needs for autonomy and competence. Furthermore, it is the controlling aspect of an external event that affects the person’s need for autonomy, whereas it is the informational aspect that affects the person’s need for competence. The theory applies to the offering of incentives and rewards, but it also applies further to the offering of any and all external events.

Question 26

What are the three propositions of cognitive evaluation theory

Answer 26

1. external events that promote an internal perceived locus of causality (PLOC) promote autonomy and intrinsic motivation.
2. External events that increase perceived competence promote intrinsic motivation, wheras events that decrease perceived competence undermine it.
3. ties together the first two propositions together. The relative salience of whether an event is mostly controlling or mostly informational determines its effects on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Relatively controlling events undermine intrinsic motivation (via their harmful effect on autonomy) and promote extrinsic motivation. Relatively informational events increase intrinsic motivation (see page 122 if any issues understanding)

Question 27

What is needed for intrinsic motivation to flourish

Answer 27

Both competence and autonomy must be high, and for both competence and autonomy to be high, the offered external event-such as praise or competition-needs to be presented in a way that is non-controlling and competence informing.

Question 28

What are the four types of extrinsic motivation

Answer 28

1. External regulation (incentives,consiquences)
2. Introjected regulation (avoid guilt, boostself-esteem
3. identified regulation (valuing, sense of importance)
4. Integrated regulation (value congruence)

Question 29

External regulation

Answer 29

behaviors that are performed to obtain a reward, avoid a punisher, or satisfy some external demand. (people whom are externally regulated find it hard to begin a a task)

Question 30

Introjected regulation

Answer 30

involves taking in, but not truly accepting or self-endorsing, other peoples demands to think, feel, or behave in a particular manner.

Question 31

identified regulation

Answer 31

person voluantarily accepts the merits and utility of a belief or behavior because that way of thinking or behaving is seen as personally important or useful. (e.g. the motivation to study and to practice are extrinsic yet freely chosen)

Question 32

Integrated regulation

Answer 32

individuals fully transform previously identified values and behaviors into the self. integrated regulation is as much a developmental process as it is a type of motivation as it involves self-examination necessary to bring new ways of thinking, feeling and behaving. (e.g. i recycle because i am an environmentalist)

Question 33

Internalization

Answer 33

The process through which an individual transforms a formerly externally prescribed regulation (rule), behavior, or value into an externally endorsed one. It is an acquisition (or socialization) process of taking in beliefs and behaviors from external sources (e.g., other people, media, the law). With internalization, a person might “take in” the police person’s regulation to stop the car fully at each stop sign, “take in” a parent’s prescribed behavior to brush one’s teeth for a full 30 seconds, or “take in” a society’s value for education or honesty. That is, the person voluntarily adopts the value, behavior, or regulation prescribed by other people (or society).

Question 34

Integration

Answer 34

Further transformation of these internalized values, behaviors and regulations into the persons sense of self to the point that they actually arises from and emanate out of the self. With full integration, the person him-or herself-not the environment and not society-generates the value, behavior, or regulation.

Question 35

What are external contingencies associated with?

Answer 35

poor functioning and unintended side effects.

Question 36

What is one way to promote volitional engagement during and uninteresting activity

Answer 36

offer and explanatory rationale (a verbal explanation as to why putting forth effort during the otherwise uninteresting activity might actually be personally useful and important thing to do)

Question 37

What does a good rationale do?

Answer 37

takes on the other persons perspective and provides useful information that the person does not already know.

Question 38

Why does the provision of explanatory rationales work as a motivational strategy?

Answer 38

It can spark some degree of valuing, identified regulation, and internalization, and personal acceptance.

Question 39

When is the best time to use the motivational strategy of providing an explanatory rationale

Answer 39

to activities that are truly uninteresting.

Question 40

Interest-enhancing strategies

Answer 40

involves utilizing a number of different strategies to foster greater interest. e.g. setting a goal, embedding the activity within a fantasy context, or adding extra source of stimulation to the task such as playing music, working with a friend. In creating a goal to strive for, task engagement becomes more about achieving the goal than it does about the task itself.

Question 41

Amotivation

Answer 41

Without motivation (person turns passive, ineffective (overwhelmed), and lacks purpose.

Question 42

Motivational Apathy

Answer 42

people possess little or no reason to invest the energy and effort that is nessacary to learn or to accomplish something.

Question 43

What are the three inter correlated aspects of Amotivation

Answer 43

• Lack of competence (I cannot obtain the desired result)
• Lack of autonomy (The task has no appeal or meaning to me)
• lack of relatedness (I have no sense of connection with others in the domain)