Basic Principles Flashcards
(152 cards)
What are Niko Tinbergen’s 4 levels of analyses?
Mechanisms
Development
Evolution
Adaptation
What is Krogh’s principle?
A Physiological problem of one species is likely to occur in another
What is the SENSOR in positive and negative feedback/
The hypothalamus
What happens when the physiological system of homeostasis fails?
Behaviour changes and behavioural homeostasis occurs
What does it mean to be POIKILOTHERMIC?
Cold-blooded
What % saline concentration does the body attempt to maintain? What does this equate to in g NaCl / L?
0.9% Saline Concentration
= ~8.5g NaCl / L
What stimulates the secretion of vasopressin?
Dehydration in osmoreceptors
Why does vasopressin target the kidney?
In order to gain maximal reclamation of H2O
What inhibits vasopressin?
Alcohol
What does PVN stand for?
Paraventricular Nuclei
What does SON stand for?
Supraoptic Nuclei
Where is vasopressin found?
Paraventricular Nuclei & Supraoptic Nuclei
What is ADH?
ADH = Antidiuretic Hormone = Vasopressin
What is thirst?
How many kinds of thirst are there?
What are they?
Thirst is the motivation to seek and ingest H2O;
There are two kinds;
Osmotic thirst & hypovolemic thirst.
What is the difference between osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst?
Osmotic thirst:
Increase in osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid relative to intracellular fluid (cellular dehydration)
Hypovolemic thirst:
A decrease in blood volume without a decrease in intracellular fluid
What are two reliable hormone indicators of body fat?
Insulin & Leptin
What does it mean to be OREXIGENIC?
To be hungry - an increase of food intake
Hormones associated: Neuropeptide Y & Agouti-Related Protein
What does it mean to be ANOREXIGENIC?
(Satiety) - a decrease in food intake
Hormones associated: Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) & Cocaine&hetamine regulated transcript (CART)
Which of the (5) nucleic acids are purines and which are pyrimidines?
Adenine & Guanine are PURINES
Cytosine, Thymine & Uracil are PYRIMIDINES
What is DNA?
A polynucleotide chain consisting of pentose residues linked with phosphodiester bonds
What facilitates the binding of polymerases in RNA?
An increased temperature (~92˚C) and or the addition of enzymes reduce the hydrogen bonds between nucleotides and facilitate the binding of polymerases
What is an example of a single-stranded RNA virus? (ssRNA)
Norovirus - causes vomiting and diarrhea
What is an example of a double-stranded RNA virus? (dsRNA)
Rotavirus - Severe diarrhea in infants and young children - immunity develops with each infection
What are two commonly studied epigenetic modifications?
DNA Methylation & Histone acetylation