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Basic Science Flashcards

1
Q

Average blood pumped per min (in L)

A

4 to 6 L

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2
Q

Path of circulation of blood through the heart (in order):

A

Vena Cava
Right Atrium - Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle - Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Arteries (Deoxygenated)
Lungs - Capillary Beds
Pulmonary Veins (Oxygenated)
Left Atrium - Mitral Valve
Left Ventricle - Aortic Valve
Aorta

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3
Q

Heart Wall (Layers)

A

Pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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4
Q

Cardiac Valves

A

Tricuspid Valve - Right
Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve - Left
Pulmonic Valve - Right
Aortic Valve - Left

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5
Q

Function of Pulmonary System

A
  • Removes waste (CO2)
  • Acid / Base Balance
  • Low-pressure System
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6
Q

Function of Systemic System

A
  • Deliver O2 and essential nutrients to the body.
  • High Pressure System
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7
Q

Systole Cardiac Mechanics

A
  • Atrial Relaxation
  • Ventricle Pump / Contraction
  • Tricuspid / Bicuspid Valves Close
  • Pulmonic / Aortic Valves Open
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8
Q

Diastole Cardiac Mechanics

A
  • Atrial Pump / Contraction
  • Ventricular Relaxation
  • Tricuspid / Bicuspid Valves Open
  • Pulmonic / Aortic Valves Close
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9
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Systolic/Diastolic
120/80 (mm Hg) = Normal
140/90 (mm Hg) = Hypertension

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10
Q

The Coronary Arteries supply blood to _________.

A

Myocardium

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11
Q

The Right Coronary Artery feeds the ____________ of the heart.

A

Posterior

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12
Q

The Left Anterior Descending Artery feeds the ________ & _______ of the heart.

A

Front & Apex

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13
Q

The Left Circumflex Artery feeds the ___________ of the heart.

A

Left Lateral Side

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14
Q

Cardiac Coordination Process (in order):

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Atrial-Ventricular (AV) Node
Bundle Branches
Perkinje Fibers

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15
Q

“Waves” of an EKG

A

P
QRS
T
U (Sometimes)

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16
Q

P wave of an EKG

A

Atrial Contraction

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17
Q

QRS Complex of an EKG

A

Ventricular Contraction

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18
Q

T wave of an EKG

A

Reset

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19
Q

R to R interval of an EKG

A

Timing of Ventricular Contractions

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20
Q

Heart Ejection Fraction

A

Amount of blood ejected from the heart during contraction
50% to 75% is normal
Below 50% is abnormal

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21
Q

Heart EF Formula

A

EF = Stroke Volume (mL) / End Diastolic Volume (mL)

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22
Q

Cardiac Output Formula

A

Stroke Volume * Heart Rate

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23
Q

EKG X-Axis Readings

A

Time
1 mm = 0.04 sec
5 mm = 0.2 Sec
5 lrg Boxes (2.5 cm) = 1 sec
30 lrg boxes (15 cm) = 6 sec

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24
Q

EKG Y-Axis Readings

A

Voltage of the Heart
1mm = 1 mV

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25
Cardiac Cycle (PQRST)
P = Atrial Depolarization QRS = Ventricular Depolarization Plateau Phase T = Rapid Phase (Ventricular Repolarization)
26
Standard EKG leads
Leads 1 through 3
27
Precordial EKG leads
V1 through V6
28
Reading Heart Rate (by EKG blocks)
# of blocks / Heart Rate 1 / 300 2 / 150 3 / 100 4 / 75 5 / 60 6 / 50 (300 / # of blocks)
29
Bradychardia
Slow Heart Rate Below 60 bpm
30
Tachycardia
Fast Heart Rate Above 160 bpm
31
Heart Block 1st Degree
Between QR interval (no clinical indication)
32
Heart Block 2nd Degree
Between QRST Loss in Ventricular Beat (Cured by Pacemaker)
33
Heart Block 3rd Degree
P wave = Doing its own thing QRS wave = Doing its own thing (Complete Heart Block) (Get help immediately)
34
Cardiac Stress Test pharmacologic adjunctive drugs:
Regadenoson (Lexiscan) = Vasodilator Adenosine (Adenocard) = Vasodilator Dobutamine = Increased Heart Rate (Beta Blocker) Atropine = Increases Heart Rate
35
Cardiac Stress Test Radiopharmaceuticals:
SPECT: - Tc-99m Sestamibi (Cardiolite) - Tc-99m Tetrofosmin (Myoview) - Tl-201 PET: - Rb-82 Chloride (Generator) - N-13 Ammonia (Cyclotron)
36
Cardiac Stress Test target heart rate formula
(220 - age in years) * 0.85 = Target Heart Rate
37
Indications for Cardiac Stress Imaging
- Detection of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) - Risk stratification of post-myocardial infarction prior to discharge - Risk stratification w/ chronic stable CAD - Risk stratification w/ low risk acute coronary syndrome patients - Risk stratification (general)
38
Cardiac Stress Test Early Termination:
Symptoms: Angina Pectoris, Dyspnea or Fatigue, Ataxia / Dizziness - Poor Perfusion - PATIENT REQUESTS TERMINATION - Excessive SI changes - Sustained Tachy-arrhythmias - Developed left bundle branch block - Blood Pressure response
39
Cardiac Stress Test Contraindications:
- Asthmatic - Patients receiving aminophylline in the last 24 hours - Systolic BP below 90 mm Hg - Profound sinus bradycardia (HR < 40 bpm - Allergies - > 400 lbs = Convert to Pet - > 280 lbs = 2 Day Exam
40
Blood Perfusion Formula
Perfusion = mL/g or mL/min/g
41
Ischemia
Inadequate blood flow to meet metabolic & oxygen demand
42
PCI or PTCA
- Percutaneous Coronary Intervention - Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angiplasty (ie: stint) - Revascularization
43
CABG
- Coronary Artery Bypass Graft - Heart is stopped for the procedure - Blood is pumped through a heart/lung bypass machine - Single to Quadruple Bypass
44
Sarcoidosis
- Granulos Inflammation of Tissue - Most commonly in Lungs / Lymphnodes - Can go to Bones, Spleen, and Heart
45
Amyloidosis
- ATTR or Transthyretin Amyloidosis ○ Accumulation of abnormal transthyretin proteins ○ Misfolded proteins > aggregate >tissue damage ○ Affect heart, kidneys, nerves, eyes, joints, etc… ○ Medication to reduce or stabilize TTR production - AL or Amyloid Light Chain Amyloidosis ○ Plasma cell disorder ○ Light chains in blood and urine ○ Chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation
46
Tc99m-PYP
Pyrophosphate Used in Amyloidosis Treatment
47
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the Heart Muscle Most commonly viral infection
48
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the lining around the heart (pericardium) Most commonly viral infection
49
Cardiac Tumor
Can get tumor anywhere in the heart Most common tumor is from metastatis
50
Endocarditis
Infection of the heart valves Caused by bacteria
51
Cardiac Autonomic Innervation
Uses MIBG (similar to how norepinephrine works) Binds to receptors
52
Cardiac Right to Left Shunt
- Use of MAA (Macro-Aggregated Albumin) - MAA should stop in lungs - MAA bypasses the lungs through a septal hole in heart - Causes poor oxygen circulation throughout the body - Scan quantifies how much shunt is present from lungs to the rest of body
53
Axial Skeleton
- Skull - Maxilla - Mandible - Spine (C, T, L) - Ribs
54
Appendicular Skeleton
- Scapula - Pelvis - Extremities
55
Osteo-
Bone
56
Capillary Size
10-30 microns
57
If cancer has metastasized, the cancer is automatically at stage ____.
4
58
4 Quadrants of the Abdomen
Right Upper Left Upper Right Lower Left Lower
59
Calvarium
Skull
60
Cerebral Cortex is responsible for:
- Large motor skills - Bodily function
61
Cerebellum is responsible for:
- Fine motor skills - Balance
62
Lateral ventricles are responsible for:
- Containing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid - Transfers nutrients around the brain
63
A DaT Scan views the ________.
Striatum - Caudate Head - Putamen (Tail)
64
The cell wall contains a triple layer of polar membranes that allow what soluble material through (per layer)?
Top layer - Water Soluble Middle Layer - Fat Soluble Bottom Layer - Water Soluble
65
Lipids/Fats
Cholesterol Phospholipids Triglycerides
66
Carbohydrates
Molecules that contain C, H, O chains End in "ose" "Glucose" "Sucrose" "Xylose"
67
Proteins
Amino Acid Chains Enzymes end in "ase"
68
How many naturally occurring Amino Acids are found in the body?
21
69
Octreotide
8 Amino Acid Bond

Nuclear Medicine (6 decks)

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