Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Principles of Chiropractic > Basic Science Concepts and Applied Chiropractic Principles > Flashcards

Basic Science Concepts and Applied Chiropractic Principles Flashcards

1
Q 
Cervical vertebra characteristics:
C1
C2 axis epistropheus
C7 vertebra prominens
Facets
A

Transverse foramina, bifid spinous, rectangular body
no body, large lateral mass, A+P arches and tubercles
Dens
Long, non-bifid spinous, absent anterior tubercle
45o BUM, transverse, rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Thoracic vertebra characteristics:

Facets

A

Costal facets on body, heart-shaped body, sloping spinous process
60o BUL coronal for lateral bend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lumbar vertebra characteristics:

Facets

A

Kidney-shaped body, mammillary and accessory processes

90o BM sagittal for flex/ext

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sacral characteristics:

Facet

A

5 fused vertebra in shape of triangle

90o B, coronal for lat bend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Alar/check ligament:

A

Posterior dens to medial occipital condyles; limits contralateral axis rotation around dens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Apical ligament:

A

Apex of dens to anterior edge of foramen magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ALL:

A

Sacrum to base of occiput, thick, strong, prevents hyperextension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cruciate ligament:

A

Superior and inferior parts; C2 to occiput; btw coliculi atlantis to limit lateral translation and flexion of the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Interspinous ligament:

A

Btw adjacent spinouses prevent posterior translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Intertransverse ligament:

A

Btw adjacent TVP to limit lateral bend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ligamentum flavum:

A

Btw adjacent laminae, elastin to prevent buckling in extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ligamentum nuchae:

A

Continuation of supraspinous ligament from C7 to EOP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane:

A

Btw posterior arch of C1 and occiput may be calcified resulting in posterior ponticle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

PLL:

A

C2 to sacrum thin and weak to prevent hyperflexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Supraspinous:

A

Connects tips of spinous process from C7 to S5 limits flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tectorial membrane:

A

Continue PLL beyond body of C2 to anterior foramen magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

IVD features:

A

Fibrocartilage tissue btw endplates and attached to them with Sharpey fibers with an annulus fibrosis made of 15-20 concentric laminae made of Type 1 collagen fibers which are 65o to horizontal and alternating ad a nucleus pulposus with T2 collagen fibers and proteoglycans
Innervated by sinuvertebral N and gray sympathetic rami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Interverteral foramen boundaries:

Contents?

A

Superior: pedicle and inferior vertebral notch of vertebra above
Inferior: Pedicle and superior vertebral notch of vertebra below
Anterior: Postlat adjacent vertebral body, IVD, disc protrustion or large posterior osteophytes encroach
Posterior: Ant facet joint and capsule, hypertrophic ligament flavum and osteophytes from facet can encroach
Content: Spinal N, NR, DRG, spinal A/V, 2-4 sinuvertebral nerves, transforaminal ligaments and CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sinuvertebral N aka Recurrent meningeal N

A

Supplies PLL, posterior dura, posterior outer 1/3 of disc, perisoteum of nearby bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Spinal canal:

A

Foramen magnum to bottom of sacrum
Posterior to vertebral bodies and anterior to neural arches
SC, N, meninges, CSF, BV and CT inside
Smallest in T spine, larges in C spine
Triangular in cervical and lumbar, oval in thoracic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Vertebral A Parts, termination, most vulnerable where?

A

Subclavian A to transverse foramen C6, then transverse foramina C6-C1, Behind lateral mass and up to foramen magnum
Then foramen magnum to basilar A
Most vulnerable in Part 3 with exreme rotation and hperextension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Circle of Willis:

A

Two vertebral A form Basilar to posterior cerebral A
Internal carotids to anterior cerebral connected by anterior communicating A
Posterior communicating A connect internal carotid to posterior cerebral arteries (occipital lobe and inferior temporal lob)
Middle cerebral MC affected in stroke (frontal, parietal, superior temporal lobes - Broca and internal capsule)
PICA is a branch of vertebral and supplies lower posterior cerebellum and lateral medulla
Hyperextension and rotation of upper cervicals can damage vertebral A –> Wallenberg’s syndrome (dysphage, dysarthria, ipsilateral Horner’s, ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature in face and contralateral loss of pain and temperature in rest of body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Suboccipital triangle boundaries, roof, floor, contents:

All muscles spllied by?

A

Boundaries: rectus capitis posterior major (SP C2-occiput), obliquus capitis superior (TVP C1-Co), obliquus capitis inferior (SP C2 to TVP C1)
Roof: deep fascia covered by semispinalis capitis
Floor: posterior arch of C1
Contents: 3rd part of vertebral A, suboccipital N C and suboccipital V
Dorsal ramus C1 of suboccipital N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q 
Nerve fiber, innervation, function
A-alpha
A beta
A gamma
A delta
B
C
A

Aa-motor (to skeletal muscle)
Ab-sensory (touch, vibration, 2pt touch discrimination)
Ag-motor (to muscle spindle)
Ad - sensory (Fast pain, temperature, crude touch)
B - autonomic preganglionic autonomic fibers
C - ANS and sensory - postganglionic slow pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
``` Sensory fiber, N fiber, ex, rate of adaptation Ia Ib II III IV ```
Aa muscle spindle afferent slow adapt Aa GTO slow adapt Ab Pacinian corpuscle; respond to vibration, rapid Ag Receptor for touch, pressure, fast pain, rapid C free nerve ending; pain, temperature slow
26
``` Mechanoreceptor location type sensitive to fast/slow Ruffini Pacinian GTO FNE Meissner Merkel Muscle spindle ```
Ruffini joint, I, stretch, slow Pacinian joint and skin, II, vibration, rapid GTO joint III, stretch, slow FNE joint and skin IV, stretch and pain, rapid Meissner skin -- texture rapid Merkel skin -- pressure slow Muscle spindle muscle -- stretch slow
27
Dorsal column
``` Ascending Mechanoreceptors (vibration/fine touch) --> nuclei gracilis/cuneatus X in medulla --> VPL nucleus of thalamus ```
28
Spinothalamic anterolateral system
Nociceptors (thermoreceptors, crude touch, pressure) --> Lamina I and II in dorsal horn of grey matter X in SC --> VPL nuclus of thalamus
29
Dorsal spinocerebellar
Unconscious proprioception from lower limb --> Clarke's nucleus (dorsal) found in Lamina VII in thoracic) --> stays ipsilateral to cerebellum via inferior peduncle
30
Ventral spinocerebellar
Unconscious proprioception from lower and upper limb --> Lamin VII X @SC + @pons so ipsilaterl cerebellum via superior cerebellar peduncle
31
Lateral corticospinal
Voluntary control of muscles in limbs
32
Ventral corticospinal
Voluntary control of muscles in head, neck, trunk
33
Rubrospinal
Excites proximal flexors (biceps) inhibits extensors in upper limb
34
Reticulospinal
Restricts voluntary movements through gamma motor neurons
35
Tectospinal
Influences head and eye turning reflexes in response to light
36
Vestibulospinal
Involved in postural reflexes, neck muscles, extensors of back and limbs
37
Raphespinal
Inhibits nociception by releasing serotonin and acts on C fibers
38
``` Rexed Laminae I II III and IV V VII VIII and IX X ```
Caps dorsal horn, below dorsolateral tract of Lissauer; carries pain Substantia gelatinosa;releases substance P Nucleus proprius; carries mechanoreception and crude touch Contains neurons that responds to noxious and visceral afferent stimuli Contains Clarke's nucleus and intermediolateral horn Contains motor neuron groups in ventral horn Gray matter surrounding central canal of spinal cord
39
Compare sympathetic to parasymathetic
Sympathetic: T1-L2, paravertebral gnanglia, posterior hypothalamic nuclei origin, short preganglionic fibers, long postganglionic,secrete epinephrine, cause vasodilation of coronary blood vessels, dilate pupils, increae heart rate and force, decrease secretions, and gut motility, contract gut sphincter bladder sphincter and skinblood vessels, relax bladder wall and bronchial mooth muscle increase sweat production and increase secretions Parasympathetic: CN 3, 7, 9, 10 and S2-4, enteric ganglia, originate in anterior hypothalamic nuclei, long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers, secreteacetylcholine, casoconstrict coronary blood vessels, constrict pupils, slow heart rate and force, increase secretions, gut mobility, relax gut sphincter and bladder sphincter, contract bladder wall and bronchialsmooth muscle
40
Pain-withdrawal reflex relation to cross extensor
Afferent arm carries sensory impulses from naked nerve endings in skin to dorsal horn of spinal cord where it synapses w/interneuron which synapses w/alpha motor neuron in anterior horn of spinal cord connected to flexor to pull away Efferent arm causes extensor of affected limb to relax X extensor causes extensor muscles in opposite limb to contract to balance body
41
Somatovisceral
Alteration in spine results in visceral activity | Subluxation of T7 result is dyspepsia or pinching skin of neck cause dilation of pupil in affected side
42
Viscervisceral
Alteration in gut results in visceral activity | Compression of carotid sinus in neck drops BP and slows heart
43
Viscerosomatic
Alteration in gut results in somatic activity | Gallbladder inflammation may result in spasm of paraspinal muscles or shoulder pain
44
Anterior motion segment is made of?
Two vertebral bodies separated by an intervertebral discs
45
Posterior motion segment is made of?
Articular facts and synovial membranes full of nociceptors and mechnoreceptors
46
Luschka/uncovertebral joint:
Uncinates fromsuperior aspect of vertebral bodies and corresponding areas on inferolateral surfaces on adjacent vertebral bodies; degenerative changes in spine in older people to limit lateral translation
47
Coupling
Cervical: lateral flexion coupled with rotation of body in transverse plane to same side; so spinous process deviates to opposite (convex) side when neck is bent Lumbar: Lateral flexion with axial rotation of body along transverse plane to opposite side so spinous deviates to same (concave) side
48
Hysteresis
Loss of energy in form of het during repetitive loading and unloading of viscoelastic substances in same way bending a wire back and forth generates heat
49
Bell-Magendie law
Anterior horn of spinal cord is motor, while posterior is sensory
50
Davis law
Soft tissue remodels itself in response to demands; for example when foot is held in pronation long enough soft tissue on one side will stretch and mucles on side shorten
51
Heuter-Volkman law
Pressure on epiphysis retard rate of growth and decreased pressure increases rate of growth
52
Hilton's law
Nerve that innervate a muscle that acts on a joint also innervate joint and area of skin near the joint
53
Empty vs soft vs firm vs hard end feel
Empty: stop due to request of pt due to pain Soft: stopped due to compression of soft tissue like edema or effusion Firm: stop when capsule reached limit of stretch Hard: stop when bone reaches bone
54
Spina bifida vs occulta vs with meningocele vs with rachischisis
Bifida: ossification centers that form vertebral arch fail to develop leading to absence of arch Occulta: tuft of hair and dimple over defective arch hidden beneath normal skin Meningocele: meninges protrude through defect in vertebral arch Rachischisis: Caudal end of neural tube doesn't close
55
``` Subluxation descriptions Functional pathological traumatic Defect Fixation Hypermobile ```
Functional: slight malpositin w or w/o fixation w/normal articular integrity pathological: malposition and fixation due to degenerative articular changes traumatic: Due to external mechanical forces accompanied by muscle spasm Defect Resulting from a congenital defect Fixation hypomobile spinal segment Hypermobile damage to spinal unit resulting in increased obility
56
Types of fixation
I: muscular due to hypertonicity of muscle II: ligamentous due to shortening of ligaments around a joint III: capsular/articular: due to shortening of capsule or development of intra-articular adhesions IV: bone due to development of osteophytes
57
Five Component model of vertebral subluxation by Faye
Neuropathophysiological: Irritation of nerve leads to sensory or motor changes, compression leads to degeneration and muscle atrophy, lack of oxygen causes change in nerve function, little pressure is needed to change interneural blood flow and axonal transport, axoplasmic aberration alters growth and homeostasis of nerve Kinesiopathological: hypo/hypermobility, aberrant motion, loss of joint play Myopathological (myology): muscle spasm or atrophy Histopathological: hypoxia, anoxia, ischemia causes inflammation Biochemical: release of histamine, PG, kinins
58
The adjustment causes discharge among which fibers to inhibit pain?
A beta
59
Chromium use? deficiency?
Glucose transport | Impaired glucose tolerance
60
Copper use? deficiency?
ETC | Muscle weakness and microcytic anemia
61
Folic acid use? deficiency?
DNA and RNA synthesis | Neural tube defects, microcytic normochromic anemia
62
Iodine use? deficiency?
Thyroid hormone synthesis | Cretinism, goiter, myxedema
63
Iron use? deficiency?
Formation of hemoglobin ETC | Pale mucosa, koilonychia, microcytic hypochromic anemia
64
Magnesium use? deficiency?
ATP complexes | Paresthesia and muscle cramps
65
Niacin B3 use? deficiency?
Precursor for NAD(P) | Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
66
Riboflavin B2 use? deficiency?
Cofactor for FADH | Fatigue, cheilosis, magenta-coloured tongue
67
Selenium use? deficiency?
Protection from free radicals | Heart failure due to cardiomyopathy
68
Thiamine B1 use? deficiency?
Cofactor in pyruvate kinase | Dermatitis, paresthesia, heart failure or Korsakoffs psychosis
69
Vitamin B12 use? deficiency?
Synthesis of DNA, methionine and succinyl CoA | Beef-red tongue, paresthesia, sensory ataxia (damage of dorsal columns) w/accumulation of homocysteine
70
Vitamin C use? deficiency?
Hydroxylation of proline in synthesis of collagen | Bleeding swollen gums, poor wound healing, loose teeth due to defective collagen synthesis
71
Zinc use? deficiency?
Carbonic anhydrase cofactor | Alopecia, poor wound healing, hypogonadism
72
Vegans
Weigh less, lower cholesterol, lower risk of CVD and cancer | Deficiencies in calcium, iron B12, D, Zn need supplement to avoid decrease bone mass and anemia
73
Gastric bypass
Lose weight to reverse diabetes but may risk B12 deficiency
74
Excessive homocysteine linked to
CVD, osteoporosis, diabetes and some forms of dementia

Principles of Chiropractic (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions