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Principles of Chiropractic > Paradigm and Subluxation Theories > Flashcards

Paradigm and Subluxation Theories Flashcards

1
Q

DD Palmer

A

Discoverer, founder, father of Chiropractic
Believed nerve compression theory and postulated subluxations were caused by thots, traumas, toxins
Coined Innate intelligence and tone of nervous system
Used short lever adjusting techniques

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2
Q

BJ Palmer

A

Developer - HIO, nerve tracing, Meric system, use of leg length to detect subluxation

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3
Q

Carver

A

Pelvic distortion and structural approach theory of subluxation
Spine was weight-bearing and adapted to various stresses

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4
Q

Cox

A

Developed flexion/distraction in which axial traction and flexion reduces extrusion of disc

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5
Q

deJarnette

A

Devo SOT, CSF flow through pumping action of sacrum and cranial dura mater

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6
Q

Faye

A

Developed Mo-pal and VSC

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7
Q

Fuhr

A

Developer of Activator which uses instrument to adjust

Researched leg length inequality

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8
Q

Galen

A

First to use lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis, inflammation

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9
Q

Gillet

A

Devo Mo-pal in response to Belgium government making it illegal for D.C.’s to take X-rays - Gillet’s test involves standing on one leg (Stork test)

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10
Q

Gonstead

A

Laid biomechnical basis of Chiropractic adjustments

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11
Q

Goodheart

A

developed AK and muscle testing

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12
Q

Hadley

A

Stated subluxations, disc herniations, exostoses may produce pressure on dorsal nerve root

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13
Q

Hippocrates

A

First to mention importance of spine to health of body

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14
Q

Heironymus

A

Fist doc to use the word subluxation in 1746

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15
Q

Illi

A

Worked with Gillet on theory that injured joint becomes fixed as edema develops
Researched pelvis and SI joint biomechanics; Illi’s superior intracapsular ligament

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16
Q

Korr

A

Developed segmental facilitation theory - neurons become hyper responsive and irritable, joint receptors don’t influence motor activity muscle spindles do, CNS hyperactive and activates gamma motor activity

17
Q

Langworthy

A

W/Oakley smith and minora paxson published first book on Chiropractic in 1906, credited using word subluxation to describe misalignment that narrowed IVF and interrupted flow of nerve energy and for referring to brain as the “life force”

18
Q

Logan

A

Developed Logan basic which measures vertebral misalignment from sacrum upwards using full spine x-rays

19
Q

Nimmo

A

Use of acupressure on trigger points as well as addressing posture
Receptor-tonus technique

20
Q

Selye

A

Developed General adaptation syndrome - stress can cause disease unless body adapts to it first is alarm reaction (increased immune response in fight or flight) then stage of resistance (decreased immune response) then stage of adaptation

21
Q

Stephenson

A

ID 33 principles and credited with analogy of safety pin cycle

22
Q

Thompson

A

Known for segmental drop adjusting and leg length inequality

23
Q

Composition

A

Critical rationalism, conservatism, naturalism, vitalism, holism

24
Q

Conservatism

A

Doctrine promotes maintenance of traditional institutions and supports with minimal and gradual change in society

25
Q

Critical rationalism

A

Belief systems of though can be rationally criticized although concrete proof of such a system is impossible

26
Q

Holism

A

Doctrine based on belief in nature, living organisms as whole are greater than sum of their parts

27
Q

Naturalism

A

Belief that posits a particular picture of reality and existence that excludes supernatural

28
Q

Vitalism

A

Doctrine in which functions of a living organism are due to a vital essence distinct from physicochemical forces and processes of life aren’t explicable by known laws of physics and chemistry alone

29
Q

Neural compression/traction hypothesis:

A

DD Palmer believed subluxation cause nerve compression which interrupts nerve’s action potentials causing hyperesthesia, irritation in acute phase and decreased sensation and nerve impulse in chronic phase, irritation can occur and movement can cause traction of the NR

30
Q

Axoplasmic Aberration/Trophic Hypothesis:

A

Axoplasmic flow may be altered when nerves are irritated or compressed, transport of proteins, glycoproteins and NT occurs in both directions (anterograde for nutrients thus faster and retrograde for waste products)
NERVE IS KEY

31
Q

Cord compression hypothesis

A

BJ Palmer believed only place where spinal cord can be compressed was Co-C2 which affects brain stem from traction of dura by dentate ligaments or aberrant muscle fibers from rectus capitis posterior minor
Grostic proposed direct mechanical irritation via dentate ligament traction and traction induced venous occlusion which result in local blood stasis and ischemia
Jarzem reported decreased blood flow and interruption of somatosensory evoked potentials following experimental cord distraction

32
Q

Proprioceptive insult/segmental facilitation hypothesis

A

Korr proposed fixed vertebral segment activates mechanoreceptors and nociceptors which send sensory info to dorsal horn causing hyperactivity of sensory nerve fibers lowering threshold for firing of neurons in spinal cord leading to muscle spasm, abnormal somato-autonomic reflexes, lowered skin resistance and increased vasomotor and sudomotor activity
MUSCLE IS KEY (muscle spindles affect motor activity)

33
Q

Somatoautonomic reflex hypothesis:

A

Receptors activated by subluxation cause somatic reflex or autonomic response
Somato-somatic: subluxation causes activation of alpha motor neuron resulting in muscle spasm
Somato-autonomic: subluxation causes autonomic imbalance and results in visceral disorders such as functional dyspepsia

34
Q

Neuroimmunomodulation aka neurodystrophic hypothesis:

A

Neural dysfunction is stressful and modify’s immune repone altering trophic function of nerves which innervate lymph nodes which affect defense by decreasing lymphocytic function making person more prone to illness
Based on GAS by Selye

35
Q

Vascular insufficiency/VBAI hypothesis:

A

Cervical subluxations may distort/compress vertebral A which affects cerebral BF and manifest in a variety of ways correct atlas misalignment restores health ther’s research to support link with DM

36
Q

Inflammation hypothesis:

A

Acute/chronic inflammation could predispose pt to develop spinal articular lesions in response to release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine inflammed tissue response by making eicosanoids, cytokines, nitrous oxide, substance P which inflames tissue resulting in swelling, pain, loss of function

37
Q

Gate theory of Pain:

A

Wall/Melzack 1965 postulated activation of large diameter afferent (mechanoreceptor) fibers may inhibit smaller afferent pain fibers in dorsal horn of spinal cord
Joint is gapped in adjustment mechanoreceptors are stimulated impulses go to spinal cord and stimulate inhibitory interneurons in sustantia gelatinosa which suppress transmission of nociception to thalamus reducing pain

38
Q 
Meric chart - vertebra - bonica
Blood supply to head, brain ear
Tonsils
Nose, mouth, palatine tube
Neck glands, pharynx, tonsils
Heart
Lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura
Gallbladder, common bile duct
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas-duodenum
Spleen
Adrenal glands
Kidney/ureter
Sex organs, uterus, bladder
Prostate gland
Testes
A 
Blood supply to head, brain ear: C1, C1-3
Tonsils: C2-3
Nose, mouth, palatine tube: C4
Neck glands, pharynx, tonsils: C5-6
Heart: T2, T1-5
Lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura: T2, T2-7
Gallbladder, common bile duct: T4, T5-10
Liver: T5, T5-10
Stomach: T6, T5-10
Pancreas-duodenum: T7, T5-10
Spleen:T8
Adrenal glands: T9, T7-L1
Kidney/ureter: T10-11, T10-12
Sex organs, uterus, bladder: L3, S2-4
Prostate gland: L4, S2-4
Testes: L4, T10

Principles of Chiropractic (2 decks)

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