Paradigm and Subluxation Theories

Question 1

DD Palmer

Answer 1

Discoverer, founder, father of Chiropractic
Believed nerve compression theory and postulated subluxations were caused by thots, traumas, toxins
Coined Innate intelligence and tone of nervous system
Used short lever adjusting techniques

Question 2

BJ Palmer

Answer 2

Developer - HIO, nerve tracing, Meric system, use of leg length to detect subluxation

Question 3

Carver

Answer 3

Pelvic distortion and structural approach theory of subluxation
Spine was weight-bearing and adapted to various stresses

Question 4

Cox

Answer 4

Developed flexion/distraction in which axial traction and flexion reduces extrusion of disc

Question 5

deJarnette

Answer 5

Devo SOT, CSF flow through pumping action of sacrum and cranial dura mater

Question 6

Faye

Answer 6

Developed Mo-pal and VSC

Question 7

Fuhr

Answer 7

Developer of Activator which uses instrument to adjust

Researched leg length inequality

Question 8

Galen

Answer 8

First to use lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis, inflammation

Question 9

Gillet

Answer 9

Devo Mo-pal in response to Belgium government making it illegal for D.C.’s to take X-rays - Gillet’s test involves standing on one leg (Stork test)

Question 10

Gonstead

Answer 10

Laid biomechnical basis of Chiropractic adjustments

Question 11

Goodheart

Answer 11

developed AK and muscle testing

Question 12

Hadley

Answer 12

Stated subluxations, disc herniations, exostoses may produce pressure on dorsal nerve root

Question 13

Hippocrates

Answer 13

First to mention importance of spine to health of body

Question 14

Heironymus

Answer 14

Fist doc to use the word subluxation in 1746

Question 15

Illi

Answer 15

Worked with Gillet on theory that injured joint becomes fixed as edema develops
Researched pelvis and SI joint biomechanics; Illi’s superior intracapsular ligament

Question 16

Korr

Answer 16

Developed segmental facilitation theory - neurons become hyper responsive and irritable, joint receptors don’t influence motor activity muscle spindles do, CNS hyperactive and activates gamma motor activity

Question 17

Langworthy

Answer 17

W/Oakley smith and minora paxson published first book on Chiropractic in 1906, credited using word subluxation to describe misalignment that narrowed IVF and interrupted flow of nerve energy and for referring to brain as the “life force”

Question 18

Logan

Answer 18

Developed Logan basic which measures vertebral misalignment from sacrum upwards using full spine x-rays

Question 19

Nimmo

Answer 19

Use of acupressure on trigger points as well as addressing posture
Receptor-tonus technique

Question 20

Selye

Answer 20

Developed General adaptation syndrome - stress can cause disease unless body adapts to it first is alarm reaction (increased immune response in fight or flight) then stage of resistance (decreased immune response) then stage of adaptation

Question 21

Stephenson

Answer 21

ID 33 principles and credited with analogy of safety pin cycle

Question 22

Thompson

Answer 22

Known for segmental drop adjusting and leg length inequality

Question 23

Composition

Answer 23

Critical rationalism, conservatism, naturalism, vitalism, holism

Question 24

Conservatism

Answer 24

Doctrine promotes maintenance of traditional institutions and supports with minimal and gradual change in society

Question 25

Critical rationalism

Answer 25

Belief systems of though can be rationally criticized although concrete proof of such a system is impossible

Question 26

Holism

Answer 26

Doctrine based on belief in nature, living organisms as whole are greater than sum of their parts

Question 27

Naturalism

Answer 27

Belief that posits a particular picture of reality and existence that excludes supernatural

Question 28

Vitalism

Answer 28

Doctrine in which functions of a living organism are due to a vital essence distinct from physicochemical forces and processes of life aren't explicable by known laws of physics and chemistry alone

Question 29

Neural compression/traction hypothesis:

Answer 29

DD Palmer believed subluxation cause nerve compression which interrupts nerve's action potentials causing hyperesthesia, irritation in acute phase and decreased sensation and nerve impulse in chronic phase, irritation can occur and movement can cause traction of the NR

Question 30

Axoplasmic Aberration/Trophic Hypothesis:

Answer 30

Axoplasmic flow may be altered when nerves are irritated or compressed, transport of proteins, glycoproteins and NT occurs in both directions (anterograde for nutrients thus faster and retrograde for waste products) NERVE IS KEY

Question 31

Cord compression hypothesis

Answer 31

BJ Palmer believed only place where spinal cord can be compressed was Co-C2 which affects brain stem from traction of dura by dentate ligaments or aberrant muscle fibers from rectus capitis posterior minor Grostic proposed direct mechanical irritation via dentate ligament traction and traction induced venous occlusion which result in local blood stasis and ischemia Jarzem reported decreased blood flow and interruption of somatosensory evoked potentials following experimental cord distraction

Question 32

Proprioceptive insult/segmental facilitation hypothesis

Answer 32

Korr proposed fixed vertebral segment activates mechanoreceptors and nociceptors which send sensory info to dorsal horn causing hyperactivity of sensory nerve fibers lowering threshold for firing of neurons in spinal cord leading to muscle spasm, abnormal somato-autonomic reflexes, lowered skin resistance and increased vasomotor and sudomotor activity MUSCLE IS KEY (muscle spindles affect motor activity)

Question 33

Somatoautonomic reflex hypothesis:

Answer 33

Receptors activated by subluxation cause somatic reflex or autonomic response Somato-somatic: subluxation causes activation of alpha motor neuron resulting in muscle spasm Somato-autonomic: subluxation causes autonomic imbalance and results in visceral disorders such as functional dyspepsia

Question 34

Neuroimmunomodulation aka neurodystrophic hypothesis:

Answer 34

Neural dysfunction is stressful and modify's immune repone altering trophic function of nerves which innervate lymph nodes which affect defense by decreasing lymphocytic function making person more prone to illness Based on GAS by Selye

Question 35

Vascular insufficiency/VBAI hypothesis:

Answer 35

Cervical subluxations may distort/compress vertebral A which affects cerebral BF and manifest in a variety of ways correct atlas misalignment restores health ther's research to support link with DM

Question 36

Inflammation hypothesis:

Answer 36

Acute/chronic inflammation could predispose pt to develop spinal articular lesions in response to release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine inflammed tissue response by making eicosanoids, cytokines, nitrous oxide, substance P which inflames tissue resulting in swelling, pain, loss of function

Question 37

Gate theory of Pain:

Answer 37

Wall/Melzack 1965 postulated activation of large diameter afferent (mechanoreceptor) fibers may inhibit smaller afferent pain fibers in dorsal horn of spinal cord Joint is gapped in adjustment mechanoreceptors are stimulated impulses go to spinal cord and stimulate inhibitory interneurons in sustantia gelatinosa which suppress transmission of nociception to thalamus reducing pain

Question 38

``` Meric chart - vertebra - bonica Blood supply to head, brain ear Tonsils Nose, mouth, palatine tube Neck glands, pharynx, tonsils Heart Lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura Gallbladder, common bile duct Liver Stomach Pancreas-duodenum Spleen Adrenal glands Kidney/ureter Sex organs, uterus, bladder Prostate gland Testes ```

Answer 38

``` Blood supply to head, brain ear: C1, C1-3 Tonsils: C2-3 Nose, mouth, palatine tube: C4 Neck glands, pharynx, tonsils: C5-6 Heart: T2, T1-5 Lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura: T2, T2-7 Gallbladder, common bile duct: T4, T5-10 Liver: T5, T5-10 Stomach: T6, T5-10 Pancreas-duodenum: T7, T5-10 Spleen:T8 Adrenal glands: T9, T7-L1 Kidney/ureter: T10-11, T10-12 Sex organs, uterus, bladder: L3, S2-4 Prostate gland: L4, S2-4 Testes: L4, T10 ```