basic science, investigations and lasers Flashcards
(58 cards)
ocular structures are derived from which layer
germ
which conditions are autosomal dominant
Congenital cataracts Best disease
Fuchs’ corneal dystrophy (also sporadic) Granular and lattice corneal dystrophies Marfan syndrome
Neurofibromatosis
Retinitis pigmentosa (also AR or XLR) Retinoblastoma (most commonly sporadic) Stickler syndrome
Tuberous sclerosis
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)
which conditions are autosomal recessive
Congenital glaucoma (most commonly sporadic)
Oculocutaneous albinism
Stargardt disease
Retinitis pigmentosa-like conditions
X linked recessive conditions
Fabry disease Lowe syndrome Ocular albinism
Retinoschisis
X linked dominant
alport
mitochondrial
Kearns-Sayre syndrome
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
most common cause of endogenous endophthalmitis
Candida albicans
in immunocompromised patients
w white fluffy retinal lesions
types of filamentous fungi
Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp.
filamentous fungi are common when
common in warm climates and can cause fungal keratitis, usually following ocular trauma.
what is toxoplasma gondi
Cats are the definitive host. Transmission to humans is via fecal-oral spread, inhalation or undercooked meats. It can also be transmitted in pregnancy via vertical transmission. T. gondii can cause congenital or adult toxoplasmosis.
what is acanthamoeba
Protozoa that can be found in soil, water or swimming pools. It can cause severe keratitis.
what is toxocara
Their hosts are cats and dogs. It can be transmitted to humans through fecal-contaminated material. It causes toxocariasis which presents with endophthalmitis in children.
what is river blindness and what causes it
onchocerciasis
Onchocerca volvulus: The most common helminth-related ocular infection. The vectors are Simulium blackflies.
which ABx inhibit cell wall synthesis
Penicillin
Cephalosporin
Vancomycin
which ABx inhibits cell membrane function
Antifungals: Imidazoles, amphotericin and
nystatin
which ABx inhibit protein synthesis
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Erythromycin
Chloramphenicol
which ABx inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
Fluoroquinolones (DNA gyrase)
Metronidazole
what is the innate immune system
rapid nonspecific response of the immune system towards a foreign antigen. Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells and the complement system
what is the adaptive immune system
refers to an immune response towards a specific antigen, mediated by lymphocytes (T and B cells).
where is MHC and HLA found
short arm of chromosome 6
where is MHC 1 are
are expressed on all cells and stimulate CD8+ cytotoxic T cells.
display peptide fragments of proteins from within the cell to cytotoxic T cells;
where is mHC2 and role
stimulate CD4+ T-helper cells and are expressed on specialized antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages.
what are cytokines
molecules responsible for recruitment and proliferation of the innate and adaptive immune systems.
what is TNF
proinflammatory cells produced by macrophages. They help in the activation and differentiation of immune cells and increase vascular permeability. They are therefore mediators of inflammation and septic shock.
