Basic Terminology Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Where is most DNA found?
A
in the nucleus of the cell
2
Q
Where can some DNA be found other than in the nucleus of a cell?
A
Mitochondria
3
Q
Adenine pairs with what base?
A
Thymine
4
Q
Cytosine pairs with what base?
A
Guanine
5
Q
A, T, C and G attached to what to form a nucleotide?
A
Sugar and Phoshate molecule
6
Q
Enzymes are highly selective _____
A
catalysts
7
Q
What does a Catalyst accelerate?
A
the rate of a reaction
8
Q
Most enzymes are considered:
A
proteins
9
Q
Molecules at the beginning of an Enzymatic Reaction are known as:
A
substrates
10
Q
Substrates turn into what after an Enzymatic Reaction?
A
Products
11
Q
What happens to enzymes during Enzymatic Reactions?
A
the remain unchanged
12
Q
What do enzymes do to the activation energy of a reaction?
A
lower it
13
Q
Enzymes only bind to certain sites, which ones?
A
the ones that fit with its active site
14
Q
What effects enyzmes?
A
Inhibitors and Activators
15
Q
What is an inhibitor?
A
molecules taht decrease enzyme activity
16
Q
What is an acitvator?
A
molecules that increase enzyme activity
17
Q
Where do autotrophs get their food from?
A
they produce their own
18
Q
Where do heterotrophs get their food from?
A
Eating food
19
Q
When autotrophs and heterotrophs die, they are broken down by:
A
decomposers
20
Q
In this food web, who is missing?
? < Phytoplankton < Decaying organic matter < Decomposers
A
Zooplankton
21
Q
Genes are a sequence of ____
A
nucleic acids
22
Q
Alleles code for 1 variant of a ___
A
gene
23
Q
Genes specify all ____ and functional ___ chains
A
proteins
RNA
24
Q
Genes pass _____ to offspring
A
genetic traits
25
In Transcription, what is created?
single stranded mRNA
26
In Translation, what is created?
protein
27
What is used as a template in translation?
mRNA
28
In Translation, tRNA brings ____ and ____ necessary for protein synthesis
amino acids
anti-codon
29
Genes that read three nucleotides at a time are called ____
codons
30
Are animals Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
31
Do animals have a cell wall?
no
32
How do animals reproduce?
Mostly sexually, some asexually
33
What is parthogenesis?
Fertilized egg produced without mating, budding, or fragmentation
34
Animalia is the same as Kingdom _____
Metazoa
35
Animalia/Metazoa can be separated into two subkingdoms:
Parazoa
Eumetazoa
36
Parazoa have _____ cells
differentiated
37
Parazoa have _____ tissues
no distinct
38
Describe Parazoas body symmetry
None
39
How many distinct layers of cells do Eumetazoa have?
2 or 3
40
Eumetazoa have _____ tissues
differentiated
41
Describe Eumetazoa's symmetry
Radial or Bilateral
42
(Meiosis or Mitosis) is sexual reproduction in eukaryotes?
Meiosis
43
What are the phases of Meiosis?
```
Interphase I
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Cytokinesis I
```
```
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Cytokinesis II
```
44
What happens in Prophase I of Meiosis?
Crossing-over
| Recombination
45
What part of Meiosis does microtubules begin to form?
Metaphase
46
What does Meiosis I create?
two daughter cells
47
What does Meiosis II create?
4 Haploid Gametes
48
What is formed after Meiosis is completed at there is fertilization?
Diploid Gamete
49
Where are Mitochondria found? (Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes)
In nearly all Eukaryotic cells
50
Where in the cell is mitochondria found?
cytoplasm
51
What do mitochondria reproduce?
ATP
52
ATP is produced through _____ respiration or ____ respiration
cellular
Aerobic
53
Which cycle produces ATP?
Krebs
54
What is known as the "cellular powerhouse" of the cell?
Mitochondria
55
What is a cells primary energy source?
ATP
56
Mitochondria regulate cells _____
metabolism
57
Mitochondria are involved in cell ____, cell _____ and cell _____
division
growth
death
58
In Mitosis, Eukaryotic cells produce asexually by dividing into;
two identical daughter cells
59
Mitosis - Interphase is a period of ___ and ________
cell growth
DNA replication
60
Mitosis - In interphase, chromosomes are in the form of uncondensed _____
chromatin
61
Mitosis - Is a Nucleolus still present in Interphase?
May be
62
Mitosis - In prophase, chromatin condenses into
discrete chromosomes
63
Mitosis - What starts to break down in phrophasee?
Nuclear membrane
64
Mitosis - in prophase, what are joined by centromeres?
sister chromatids
65
Mitosis - What is happening to the chromosomes in Metaphase?
they are aligning at the equatorial plate
66
Mitosis - In prophase, what move to opposite sides of the cell?
centrosomes
67
Mitosis - What happens to centromeres in Anaphase?
centromeres divide
68
Mitosis - What happens to the microtubules in Anaphase?
they shorten moving the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell
69
Mitosis - What happens to the cytoplasm in Telophase?
cytoplasm divides along cleavage furrow
70
Mitosis - what happens to chromosomes in Telophase?
chromosomes condense to chromatin
71
Mitosis - what happens to the nucleolus in Telophase?
it reappears and nuclear membrane is reforming
72
Mitosis - What is the end result of mitosis?
Two daughter cells
73
Nucleic acids are a chain of:
linear nucleotides
74
Nucleotides consist of:
A nitrogenous base
A pentose
A phosphate group
75
What are the 2 nitrogenous bases?
purine
pyrimidine
76
What are the two purines?
A and G
77
What are the pyrimidines?
C, T and U
78
RNA = ____ + ____
ribose
Purine/Pyrimidine
79
DNA = ____ + ____
deoxyribose
Purine/Pyrimidine
80
A pair with ___
T or U
81
G pairs with ___
C
82
_______ are biological molecules consisting of one or more chains of amino acids
Proteins
83
What is the primary structure of proteins?
single stranded amino acid sequence
84
What is the 2ndary protein structure?
a-Helix or beta-sheet
85
The secondary protein structure is a regularly repeating local structure stabilized by ______
hydrogen bonds
86
What are the structures of proteins?
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
87
Photosynthesis is used by (autotrophic/heterotrophic) organisms?
autotrophic
88
Photosynthesis is the process of turning ____ energy into ____ energy
light
chemical
89
Plants
Algae
Cyanobacteria
These are all examples of?
Photoautotrophs
90
What cell in a plant photosynthesizes?
chlorophyll
91
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
light reactions/light dependent reaction
CO2-fixing reactions/light independent reaction
92
What is a light-dependent reaction and what does it form?
organisms capture and store light energy, then convert it to chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP
93
What is a light-independent reaction and what does it form?
Takes NADPH and ATP to drive the reduction of CO2to more useful compounds like glucose.
94
What's an example of a light independent reaction?
Calvin-Benson Cycle
95
What two groups does a successful experiment have?
Control
Experimental
96
What are the two types of variables of an experiment?
Manipulated
Observed
97
Which variable is the independent variable?
Manipulated
Observed
Manipulated
98
Which variable is the dependent variable?
Manipulated
Observed
Observed
99
If a volume is proportional to the amount of gas, what are the constants?
Temperature
| Pressure
100
If a volume changes directly with temperature, what is constant?
pressure
101
If a volume changes inversely with pressure, what is constant?
Temperature
102
If volume changes directly with the amount of gas, what is constant?
Volume
| Temperature
103
The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible because of its ability to stimulate the retina is called:
visible light
104
_____ < Visible Light < ______
Ultraviolet Light
Infrared Light
105
The human brain perceives or interprets lights as ____
color
106
How does Prokaryotes size compare to Eukaryotes?
They are smaller
107
Prokaryotes lack a _________ nucleus
membrane bound
108
Prokaryotes have sing-stranded circular DNA molecules that free float in _____
cytoplasm
109
What is the purpose of structure proteins?
give stiffness & rigidity to biological components that would otherwise be fluid
110
What do enzymes do?
catalyze chemical reactions
111
What do receptor proteins do?
bind a signaling molecule to induce a biological response
112
What do Antibodies do?
Bind antigens and target the for destruction
113
What do Motor Proteins do?
Generate the forces responsible for muscle contraction
114
What do pump proteins do?
transport ions or small molecules across a membrane
115
What do switch proteins do?
Act as "on-off" switches based on the presence or absence of certain molecules in a cell
116
Ribonucleic acid is a base pair connected by _____ molecules and _____ molecules
sugar
phosphate
117
What are the bases of RNA?
A
U
G
C
118
Is RNA single-stranded or double-stranded?
Single stranded mostly BUT can form a double helix by folding in on itself
119
What is the carrier of genetic material in some viruses?
RNA
120
Name the three types of RNA?
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
121
What is the purpose of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
carries codes from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
122
What is the purpose of the ribosomal DNA (rRNA)?
reads the code carried by the mRNA
123
What are ribosomes composed of?
rRNA and proteins
124
What is the purpose of tRNA?
bring amino acids to ribosomes where they are linked to proteins
125
Physics is the explanation of description of the ways ____ ____
matter moves
126
Displacement is the change from:
one place to another
127
Displacement = ______ - ______
final position
original position
128
Vectors have ____ and ____
magnitude
direction
129
Scalars have _____ alone
magnitude
130
_____ is when the normal gene sequence is altered
mutation
131
______ is when a trait is passed from parent to a child
hereditary
132
What type of mutation only happens in sex cells or shortly after fertilization?
De-Novo
133
What type of mutation occurs in a cell during an early embryonic stage?
Mosaicism
134
What type of mutation occurs due to environmental factors or replication errors?
Acquired/Somatic
135
During DNA replication, what Enzyme instigates the deforming of hydrogen bonds to split the two stands of DNA?
Helicase
136
Where does the splitting of DNA start?
Origin of Replication
137
What is the portion of DNA that is unwound to be replicated, called?
Replication Fork
138
A strand of DNA is transcribed by an _____
mRNA
139
____ is the measure of disorder of a closed system
Entropy
140
Entropy is a state function, meaning it can:
only measure changes of entropy during a chemical and physical change
141
Change in Entropy is related to the amount of:
heat added to a system at constant absolute temperature
142
Change in Entropy = _______ (formula)
Head added (q) / Temperature (T)
143
What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?
All spontaneous changes occur with an increase in entropy
144
Solid > Liquid > Gas
From left to right, is Entropy > 0 or < 0?
Entropy > 0
145
Solid > Liquid > Gas
From right to left, is Entropy > 0 or < 0?
Entropy < 0
