Basic Theories as Frameworks in Ethics

Question 1

Identification

It is a basic structure underlying a system or concept

Answer 1

Framework

Question 2

Identification

In ethics, it refers to a set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a way of viewing reality

Answer 2

Framework

Question 3

True or False

Personally held frameworks and principles in Ethics dictate one’s moral disposition or the way a person resolves moral dilemmas

Answer 3

True

Question 4

True or False

Ethicists today generally divide the study of morality into five general subject areas

Answer 4

False

Ethicists today generally divide the study of morality into three general subject areas

Question 5

Enumeration

What are the three general subject areas of morality?

Answer 5

• Meta-Ethics
• Normative Ethics
• Applied Ethics

Question 6

Identification

It is a branch of ethics that studies the nature
of morality

Answer 6

Meta-Ethics

Question 7

Identification

It talks about the meaning, reference, and
truth values of moral judgments

Answer 7

Meta-Ethics

Question 8

Identification

It also explains what goodness and
wickedness mean and how we know about
them

Answer 8

Meta-Ethics

Question 9

Identification

are commonly classified
semantically as either cognitivist or non- cognitivist; substantially as either universalist or
relativist; and epistemologically as empiricist, rationalist, or intuitionist

Answer 9

Meta-ethical theories

Question 10

Identification

States that moral judgments convey
propositions, that is, they are truth bearers or
they are either true or false

Answer 10

Cognitivism

Question 11

Identification

Most ethical theories are cognitivist as they
contend that right and wrong are matters of
fact

Answer 11

Cognitivism

Question 12

Enumeration

What are the most famous forms of cognitive ethics?

Answer 12

Moral Realism
Ethical Subjectivism

Question 13

Identification

Claims that the existence of moral facts
and the truth (or falsity) of moral
judgments are independent of
people’s thoughts and perceptions

Answer 13

Moral Realism

Question 14

Identification

It maintains that morality is about
objective facts, that is, not facts about
any person or group’s subjective
judgement

Answer 14

Moral Realism

Question 15

Identification

Holds that truth (or falsity) of ethical
propositions are dependent on the
attitudes or standards of a person or
group of persons

Answer 15

Ethical Aubjectivism

Question 16

Identification

Obviously contrary to moral realism

Answer 16

Ethical Subjectivism

Question 17

Identification

Denies that moral judgments are either true
or false

Answer 17

Non-Cognitivism

Question 18

Identification

It claims that ethical sentences do not convey
authentic propositions, hence are neither true
nor false

Answer 18

Non-Cognitivism

Question 19

Identification

Most popular form of non-cognitivist
theory

Answer 19

Emotivism

Question 20

Identification

It submits that moral judgments are
mere expressions of our emotions
and feelings

Answer 20

Emotivism

Question 21

Identification

Like exclamatory sentences, ethical
sentences cannot be said to be either
true or false according to theory

Answer 21

Emotivism

Question 22

Identification

Theorizes that moral facts and principles
apply to everybody in all places

Answer 22

Moral Universalism

Question 23

Identification

It is also called moral objectivism, it claims
that a universal ethic exists and that this
applies to all similarly situated persons, regardless of nationality, citizenship, culture, race, gender, sexual preference, religion, or any
other differentiating factor

Answer 23

Moral Universalism

Question 24

Identification

Believing that some behaviors are simply
wrong, it also submits that if something is
right for one then it is right for another

Answer 24

Moral Universalism

Question 25

Identification Moral universalism is very much compatible with moral realism

Answer 25

Moral Universalism

Question 26

Identification Submits that different moral facts and principles apply to different persons or group of individuals

Answer 26

Moral Relativism

Question 27

Identification Believing that various cultures have distinct standards of right and wrong, it also maintains that ethical standards also change over time even in the same culture

Answer 27

Moral Relativism

Question 28

Identification Denying a single, objective standard for morality, it holds that all moral norms are equally true and morals are mere preferences

Answer 28

Moral Relativism

Question 29

Identification Noticeably, it is very much compatible with ethical subjectivism

Answer 29

Moral Relativism

Question 30

Identification Is a meta-ethical stance which states that moral facts are known through observation and experience

Answer 30

Moral Empiricism

Question 31

Identification It is an extension of empiricism in epistemology which states that all knowledge of matters of fact is derived from experience and that our mind is not equipped with pre-experience concepts

Answer 31

Moral Empiricism

Question 32

Identification Some forms of moral empiricism hold that moral truths are reducible to matters about people’s opinions or cultural conventions and thus are recognizable by observation of their conventions

Answer 32

Moral Empiricism

Question 33

Identification Contends that moral facts and principles are knowable a priori, that is, by reason alone and without reference to experience

Answer 33

Moral Rationalism

Question 34

Identification claims that knowledge about reality are gained through non- empirical deductive system, most forms of rationalism purport that moral facts are known through rational inferential process

Answer 34

Moral Rationalism

Question 35

Identification the theory relies on reason rather than intuition in justifying a belief or action

Answer 35

Moral Rationalism

Question 36

Identification Submits that moral truths are knowable by intuition, that is, by immediate instinctive knowledge without reference to any evidence

Answer 36

Moral Intuitionism

Question 37

Identification It claims that we have intuitive awareness of value or morality and that it defines the basis of our ethical knowledge

Answer 37

Moral Intuitionism

Question 38

Identification It thus insists that moral value of actions may be known intuitively, even if their consequences have not been covered

Answer 38

Moral Intuitionism

Question 39

Identification In its general form, it claims that some moral facts can be known without inference

Answer 39

Moral Intuitionism

Question 40

Identification some empiricist and rationalist theories that promote non-inferential moral knowledge may be compatible with moral intuitionism

Answer 40

Moral Intuitionism

Question 41

Identification Studies how man ought to act, morally speaking

Answer 41

Normative Ethics

Question 42

Identification It examines ethical norms, that is, those guidelines about what is right, worthwhile, virtuous, or just

Answer 42

Normative Ethics

Question 43

Identification Evaluates the standards for the rightness and wrongness of actions and determines a moral course of action

Answer 43

Normative Ethics

Question 44

Identification Prescriptive in nature, it addresses specific moral questions about what we should do or believe

Answer 44

Normative Ethics

Question 45

Identification It deals with issues like “What ought one to do?”

Answer 45

Normative Ethics

Question 46

Identification It is an ethical system that bases morality on independent moral rules or duties

Answer 46

Deontology

Question 47

Identification What does the Greek word deon mean?

Answer 47

Duty

Question 48

Identification It came from the Greek word deon, which means duty, implying the foundational nature of man’s duties or obligations

Answer 48

Deontology

Question 49

Identification This system equates behaving morally with adherence to duties or moral rules, and acting immorally with failure to obey them

Answer 49

Deontology

Question 50

Identification It is also called nonconsequentialism

Answer 50

Deontology

Question 51

Identification the system’s principles are submitted as obligatory, regardless of the consequences that actions might produce

Answer 51

Deontology

Question 52

Identification Refers to moral system that determines the moral value of actions by their outcomes or results

Answer 52

Teleology

Question 53

Identification Meaning of the word telos

Answer 53

End

Question 54

Identification takes into account the end result of the action as the exclusive consideration of its morality

Answer 54

Teleology

Question 55

Identification It deems an action as morally right if its favorable consequences are greater that its adverse outcomes

Answer 55

Teleology

Question 56

Identification Its most famous form is consequentialism

Answer 56

Teleology

Question 57

Identification proposes that morality is determined solely by a cost-benefit evaluation of the action’s consequences

Answer 57

Consequentialism

Question 58

Identification As a moral system, it places emphasis on developing good habits of character, like kindness and generosity, and avoiding bad character traits, or vices, such as greed or hatred

Answer 58

Virtue Ethics

Question 59

Identification Virtue-based theories give importance to moral education which molds individuals to habitually act in a virtuous manner

Answer 59

Virtue Ethics

Question 60

Identification Focusing on the character of the agent, virtue ethics describes right actions as those chosen and performed suitably by virtuous person

Answer 60

Virtue Ethics

Question 61

Identification Philosophically examines specific, controversial moral issues

Answer 61

Applied Ethics

Question 62

Identification Using philosophical methods, this area of concerns in Ethics attempts to determine the ethically correct course of action in specific realms of human action

Answer 62

Applied Ethics

Question 63

Identification For a subject to be considered as an applied ethical issue, not only it must be a matter of moral judgment, but it also has to be controversial. That is, there must be considerable groups of people both for and against the issue

Answer 63

Applied Ethics

Question 64

Identification This concerns ethical issues pertaining to life, biomedical researches, medicines, healthcare and medical profession

Answer 64

Bioethics

Question 65

Enumeration Give 3 controversies involving bioethics

Answer 65

surrogate mothering genetic manipulation of fetuses stem cell research using human embryos in research in-vitro fertilization abortion euthanasia suicide patient’s rights confidentiality of patient’s records physician’s responsibilities mandatory medical screening

Question 66

Identification It deals with moral issues concerning nature, ecosystem, and its nonhuman contents

Answer 66

Environmental Ethics

Question 67

Enumeration Give 3 controversies involving environmental ethics

Answer 67

animal rights animal experimentation endagered species preservation pollution control sustainable development

Question 68

Identification Examines moral principles concerning business environment

Answer 68

Business Ethics

Question 69

Identification Involves issues about corporate practices, policies, business behaviors, and the conducts of relationships of individuals in the organizations

Answer 69

Business Ethics

Question 70

Identification It investigates ethical controversies such as thous about the social responsibility of businesses, employee rights, harassment, labor unions, misleading advertising, job discrimination, and whistle blowing

Answer 70

Business Ethics

Question 71

Identification It studies moral issues about sexuality and human sexual behavior

Answer 71

Sexual Ethics

Question 72

Identification It examines topics like homosexuality, lesbianism, polygamy, pre-marital sex, marital fidelity, extra-marital sex, non-marital procreation, loveless sexual relations, safe sex and contraceptive use

Answer 72

Sexual Ethics

Question 73

Identification It deals with what is right for a society to do and how it should act as a whole

Answer 73

Social Ethics

Question 74

Identification Its focus is on what may be deemed as proper behavior for people as a whole

Answer 74

Social Ethics

Question 75

Enumeration Give 3 Issues involving social ethics

Answer 75

racial discrimination death penalty nuclear weapon production gun control drug use for fun welfare rights